The Nigerian Dental Journal (NDJ) is the official publication of the Nigerian Dental Association. The NDJ is dedicated to promoting the advancement of oral health in Nigeria through the dissemination of original research and review articles, as well as case reports and other relevant information for dental professionals. The Nigerian Dental Journal publishes peer-reviewed, scientific articles relevant to the needs of dental, medical and other health professionals in Nigeria and other parts of the world. Accepted publications include clinical papers, research papers, review papers, technical notes (surgical techniques, technical innovations), case reports and letters to the Editor.
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Improving Oral Health Service Uptake Among Urban Informal Sector Workers in Nigeria: Trader Perspectives on Affordability, Accessibility, and Delivery Innovations
Background: Urban Informal Sector Workers face unique barriers to preventive healthcare; however, little is known about their oral health behaviors in rapidly growing market economies. This study examined the patterns, determinants, and perceived facilitators of dental service utilization among traders in an urban marketplace. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among traders and businessmen in Lagos State, collecting demographic, occupational, and behavioral data, along with self-reported oral health status, service utilization, and perceived barriers. Associations between occupational demands, symptom frequency, and care-seeking behaviors were analyzed using chi-square test. Open-ended responses were analyzed thematically. Results: Among the participants (n= 123), most were aged 30–39 years (45.5%), with a balanced gender distribution and predominant engagement in gadget and equipment sales (61.8%). Although 66.7% rated dental check-ups as important, 83.7% had not visited a dentist in the past year, with the absence of perceived dental problems (54.4%), work-related time constraints (22.3%), and cost (15.5%) cited as the main reasons. The most reported access challenges were the cost of care (34.5%) and long wait times (26.8%). Symptom frequency was significantly associated with dental visits (p=0.021) and treatment delays (p=0.002). Qualitative data revealed three main intervention priorities: financial accessibility (e.g., subsidized/free services, HMO inclusion), targeted outreach and education (e.g., quarterly market-based programs, workplace health promotion), and service innovations aligned with traders’ schedules (e.g., mobile clinics, extended/24-hour services). Mobile dental clinics (33.2%) and extended clinic hours (56.9%) were the most favored solutions, with 70.7% of the participants willing to participate in on-site outreach near their business premises. Conclusion: Despite awareness of the value of preventive dental care, utilization remains low among traders due to cost, time constraints, and symptom-driven care-seeking behavior. Interventions should integrate occupationally compatible service models, financial subsidies, and targeted outreach to bridge the knowledge–action gap in this population. Policy efforts addressing both perceptual and structural barriers may substantially improve preventive oral health care uptake in urban informal economies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Afolabi Oyapero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Yoruba Chewing Sticks and Branded Toothpastes on Bacteria Isolated from Carious Teeth
Objectives: Dental decay and associated toothache infection causes pains and discomfort; and are characterized by many symptoms. It may be due to bacterial infection or many other causes. This study determined the antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of three selected Yoruba chewing sticks; Sorindeia warneckei, Garcinia kola, Veronia amygdalina and aqueous extracts of three branded toothpastes; NCT, MCL, and OLV on isolates of bacteria from cases of toothache infection Materials and Methods: A total number of thirty (30), comprising three different species, biochemically characterized isolates from tooth ache infection; Streptococcus oralis (10), Lactobacillus spp(10) and Streptococcus mutans(10) were collected on slant from a dental clinic in Ibadan and confirmed on Sheep blood agar medium fortified with serum, and deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS agar). The isolates were Gram stained, with other biochemical identification tests. The isolates were challenged with methanol extract of selected chewing sticks and aqueous extract of branded toothpastes using standard broth dilution method to determine its MIC’s and MBC’s. The chewing sticks extract were screened for secondary metabolites using standard methods. Results: The percentage crude extract yield from initial weight of 200g of Sorindeia warneckei was found to be 9. 25%, while Garcinia kola and Veronia amygdalina exhibited 6.8% and 5.7% Alkaloids, anthraquinones, tannins, flavonoids and saponins were present in 3 selected chewing sticks . Statistical analysis by Anova test of MIC and MBC methanol extracts for different concentrations of 3 chewing sticks and branded toothpastes evaluated showed significant inhibition of growth for 3.125, 12.56, 25 µg/mL as indicated in S.oralis1, Lactobacilli spp15 and S.mutans 30 for Sorindeia warneckei, 6.25, 3.125,6.25 µg/mL for Garcinia kola and 25, 12.5,25 µg/mL for Veronia amygdalina and when compared to 12.56 and 100 µg/mL MIC aqueous extract of 3 branded tooth pastes. The aqueous extract of toothpastes determined showed lesser antimicrobial activity than the methanol extract of the three chewing sticks from the MIC’s and MBC’s point of view. Conclusion: The methanol extract of selected chewing sticks explored showed competitive antimicrobial activity in comparison with branded toothpaste. The antimicrobial constituents in the methanol extracts of the selected chewing sticks hold the potential for clinical application and can be incorporated into conventional household tooth pastes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Olufemi Lionel Okunye, Bunmi Comfort Kotun, Caroline Olufunke Babalola, John Olabanji Daodu, Joshua Seun Ayedun, Samuel Friday Ibitoye, Brendan Iloka, Adeyemo Olumuyiwa , Eunice Adewole Oluwaseun, Igbokwe Christopher Ogbonna, Ememabasi Precious V-Thompson, Peter Omotayo Ajayi, Morenike Eunice Coker https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Awareness and Use of Teledentistry Among Dental Professionals in A Nigerian University Teaching Hospital; A Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract Objectives: Teledentistry is an emerging practice with a potential to significantly impact both the evolving landscape of dental clinical practice and public health delivery. The practice typically includes a variety of components and activities such as the use of electronic data and audiovisual communication technologies in diagnosis and delivery of oral health care, dental care delivery despite geographical distances, (especially in rural, and remote areas) among others. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of awareness and use of teledentistry, in oral health care delivery among dental professionals of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals’ Complex, (OAUTHC) Ile-Ife. Osun State, Nigeria Materials and Method: A structured self-administered questionnaire designed with four-point Likert scale ideal was administered to all dental health care professionals in the hospital. The questionnaire had relevant sections, designed to elicit unbiased and honest responses from the participants, about their demographics, level of awareness and use of teledentistry, knowledge of teledentistry, and perceptions on the potential uses of teledentistry, ethical consideration and possible barriers to the use of teledentistry. Results: All professionals in the hospital (100%) completed the questionnaire. Participants were 65 males, and 36 females, aged 20 -70 years. They were mostly Resident Doctors (44.6%) aged 30 - 40years. The level of awareness and use of teledentistry among dental professionals in this study was 49.9% and 4.1% respectively. 51.1% of respondents had no prior concept of the idea on the use of teledentistry in oral health care delivery. The Resident doctors appear to be the most informed than all other categories while the Dental therapists appear to be the least informed. Conclusions: The overall level of awareness about the use of teledentistry among all dental health care professionals in the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex was below average. It is important to stimulate and encourage the optimum application of teledentistry in the studied population in order to ensure improvements of oral health care delivery among them and numerous trainees passing through the teaching hospital.
Teledentistry, Awareness, Perception, Dental professionals, Use
Copyright (c) 2025 Grace Ozohu Eriki, OA Ayilara, Prof Fadekemi O Oginni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Oral Pain on Oral Health and Daily Performance in Pregnancy: A Cross-sectional Study
Background: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pregnancy-related oral pain can affect emotional well-being, oral health-related quality of life, and general health. If left untreated, poor oral health may lead to premature delivery, pre-eclampsia, epulis gravidarum, tooth mobility, and other complications. Objectives: This study assessed the prevalence of oral pain, evaluated oral impacts on daily performance (OIDP), and examined associations between oral health, service utilization, and parity status during pregnancy. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used, incorporating data on sociodemographic characteristics, pain symptomatology, oral impact on daily performance (OIDP), and clinical examination. Sociodemographic and pain variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, proportions, summary statistics). Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The median age was 30 years; most respondents (71%, n=149) had post-secondary education and were primigravida. Oral pain during pregnancy was reported by 29% (n=61) of respondents, predominantly mild and most commonly affecting the gingiva (16%, n=33). Pain, site of pain, and OIDP were significantly associated with parity (p=0.04, 0.010, 0.037, respectively), and OIDP was also related to trimester (p=0.04). Dental service utilization was 24% (n=50), with 17% (n=36) satisfied; satisfaction was higher among multigravida compared to primigravida (p=0.01). More women in the third trimester reported OIDP, while none in the first trimester did so (p=0.04). Conclusion: Mild oral pain is a frequent experience during pregnancy, most often gingival in origin, and is associated with parity and trimester. These findings emphasize the need for routine oral health assessment during antenatal care, with timely management to reduce oral impacts on daily functioning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adetayo Aborisade, Olasunkanmi F. KUYE, Taiwo O. KUYE, Adewale F. ADEJOBI, Azuka R. NJOKANMA, Amina MOHAMMED https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and Pattern of Systemic Diseases Among Adult Dental Patients in Ibadan Nigeria: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Oral health is an essential component of systemic health and significantly impacts quality of life and overall well-being. Oral health status reflects systemic health, as many diseases and medications affect the oral cavity; conversely, oral pathologies can also influence systemic health. This clinical audit aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of systemic diseases among adult patients attending a tertiary dental clinic. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using records of adult dental patients who presented at the Oral Diagnosis Clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, between January and June 2024. Demographic and systemic disease data were extracted from hospital records. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Out of 1,885 patients seen during the study period, 274 had one or more systemic conditions, yielding a prevalence of 14.5%. There were more females (193, 70.4%) than males (81, 29.6%); the mean age (±SD) was 51.7 ± 18.1 years. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity, followed by peptic ulcer disease and diabetes mellitus. Single comorbidities were more frequent (216, 78.8%) than multiple comorbidities (58, 21.2%), though a higher proportion of males had multiple conditions. The majority (87.9%) of patients with multiple systemic diseases were above 40 years of age (p = 0.002). Conclusion: This study found a 14.5% prevalence of systemic diseases among adult dental patients, with hypertension being the most common. Multiple comorbidities were significantly more prevalent in patients above 40 years. These findings are limited by the retrospective design and reliance on record quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeth Oluwatoyin Abe, Muhammad Yasin Yahaya, Oluwatosin Kehinde Adeyemi, Adeyemi Taofeek Saliu, Mathew Ekhaleafo Ogbezode, Akinyele Olumuyiwa Adisa, Bukola Folasade Adeyemi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Perceived Stress, Stressors, and Coping Strategies among Undergraduate Dental Students at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
ABSTRACT Background: Dental school is known to be highly stressful, which sometimes affect student mental health, academic performance and professional development with differing opinion about the impact of age, gender, and educational level. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of perceived stress, identify the key stressors contributing to stress in dental student environment, examine the coping factors and relationship between Sociodemographic stress levels among undergraduate dental student Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Osun state. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the 2020/2021 academic year, among 123 dental students using a structured questionnaire. Dental Environment Stress (DES) was used to access the various stress levels, perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used to determine the perceived stress level. Results: 62.6% of the participants were male while 37.4% were females with the mean age of 22.31±3.31 years. Overall mean stress for the population was 23.32±5.95, female students reported significantly higher stress level than male (P = 0.034). Workload (3.79±1.01) and performance pressure (3.63 ± 1.00) were the most reported stressors those living in the hospital hostel or receiving mid-range allowance appeared to undergo more stress, while religious coping was the mostly reported coping strategy Conclusion: It was found that perceived stress in dental environment is still relatively high most especially among female students. There is no clear association between income and perceived stressed level. Major stressors identified were workload and performance pressure. Religion, active coping and planning were the coping strategies mostly utilized in the management of these stressors.
Perceived stressors , Stressors, Coping Strategies, Undergraduate students
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Fadeju A.D , Dr Okpalaeke A N, Prof Ogundipe OK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Radiographic assessment of the health status of first permanent molars in pediatric groups in a Nigerian tertiary health institution: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Background: The first permanent molars (FPMs) are critical for maintaining normal masticatory functions and dentofacial harmony. However, they are highly susceptible to dental caries, especially in pediatric populations. This study aimed to radiographically assess the health status of first permanent molars in children aged 7 to 16 years at a Nigerian tertiary health institution, focusing on caries prevalence, structural anomalies, and periapical health. Study Design: A retrospective cross-sectional of study panoramic radiographs was conducted. Setting: Department of Oral Diagnostic sciences, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria from January 2022 to December 2023, following ethical approval from the hospital's research and ethics Committee (approval number NHREC/29/01/2025/AKTH/EC/4004). Participants: 317 children aged 7-16 years with mean age of approximately 11 years (SD = 3.26), 142 males (45.2%) and 172 females (54.8%) with artefact-free radiographs. Outcome Measures: Primary: Caries prevalence. Secondary: Restoration status, missing, periapical pathology (rarefying osteitis), and structural anomalies (hypomineralization/fusion/taurodontism). Key Results: Caries: Overall caries prevalence across all first permanent molars was 36.9% (117/314); highest in mandibular molars 17.2% in mandibular left first permanent molar and 11.8% mandibular right first permanent molar , suggesting a greater predisposition of mandibular molars to carious lesions. Restorative Interventions: were noted in only 5.4% (17/314) of the first permanent molars , with mandibular right first permanent molar exhibiting the highest frequency of restorations. Missing Teeth: was infrequent, with the highest incidence 2.5% (8/314) observed in mandibular right first permanent molar. Periapical Health: 95.2% (302/314) of cases were free of pathology, while 4.5% (14/314) predominantly ages 15-16, presented with rarefying osteitis, predominantly among individuals aged 15–16 years. Structural Anomalies: Low frequencies, including hypomineralization 1%, (3/314), fusion 0.6%, (2/314), and taurodontism 1%, (3/314). Conclusion: The findings suggest that while most first permanent molars remain structurally sound, caries prevalence is higher in mandibular molars, with limited restorative intervention observed. The low rates of periapical pathologies and structural anomalies indicate relatively good oral health, though older children showed increased susceptibility to dental decay and rarefying osteitis. These results highlight the need for preventive strategies, early intervention, and improved access to dental care to enhance pediatric oral health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sabir Iya , Mohammad Kaura Abubakar, George O. Ewansiha , Bernard Emeka Ogbozor , Paul Mayellawos Karuwa, Jamiu Adetunji Abanikanda, Babatunde Olamide Bamgbose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Awake Nasotracheal Intubation via Fibreoptic Bronchoscope for Surgical Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis: A Case Report
Temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) causes immobility due to fusion of the joint. It most often results from trauma or infection, but it may be congenital or a result of rheumatoid arthritis. The condition is very common in children and rarely seen in adults. Administration of effective and safe anesthesia to patients with TMJA often poses a serious challenge during surgical correction. Hence, we report a case of a 68-year-old Nigerian woman with no comorbidities who presented to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery clinic of our facility with a 5-year history of progressive limitation of mouth opening associated with a painful left cheek swelling. Examination revealed severely limited mouth opening with an interincisal distance of 6 mm. Computerized tomogram of the jaws and the TMJ showed fusion of the condylar head and the temporal articular fossa on the left TMJ. She underwent gap arthroplasty after successful awake nasotracheal intubation via fibreoptic bronchoscope and recovered uneventfully with no recurrence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Akinwale Olaleye Akinbade, Tesleem Olayinka Orewole, Obitade Sunday Obimakinde, Shuaib Kayode Aremu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Weekday on Demand Patterns for Restorative Dental Treatment: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Restorative dental treatments are essential for maintaining oral health. However, the demand for these services can vary throughout the week, impacting clinic operations and patient care. This descriptive analytical study aimed to investigate the influence of weekdays on the pattern of demand for restorative dental treatment and to identify peak and low-demand days. Methods: The study involved a secondary analysis of 4,200 patient records from the Conservative Clinic of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (January 2022 - April 2023). Data on the day of the week, patient sex, visit status (new or recall), and monthly distribution were collected. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), and analysis of variance (ANOVA), with p-values used to assess significant differences. Study Design: This retrospective cross-sectional study examined secondary data from clinic records. A total of 4,350 records were retrieved, but 4,200 were analyzed after excluding incomplete entries. Results: The highest attendance was recorded on Tuesday, followed closely by Wednesday, while Friday had the lowest. Statistically significant variations in attendance were found across weekdays. Monday's attendance was significantly higher than Friday's (Mean Difference: -3.21, 95% CI: -4.66 to -1.76, p<0.001). Female patients (58.1%) consistently demonstrated higher attendance than males. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights to help healthcare providers optimize scheduling and resource allocation, thereby improving overall service efficiency and patient care. Understanding these daily attendance patterns can inform decisions to reduce wait times and enhance patient satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rosemary Itohan Abu, Joan E Enabulele, Agbonvihele G Oko-oboh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Conservative Management of Pediatric Unicystic Ameloblastoma in a Secondary Healthcare Facility in an Ameloblastoma's High Burden Sub-Saharan Africa: A Report of Two Cases
Background: Surgical resection is the primary treatment for ameloblastoma but often causes facial disfigurement and complications. Conservative management of unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) may prevent these issues. Clinicians should note that combining marsupialization, enucleation, and Carnoys solution adjuvant therapy restores jawbone health, prevents complications, and improves patients quality of life. Presentation: Two pediatric casesa 13-year-old boy with a 3-month right mandibular ramus swelling and an 11-year-old boy with a 5-month anterior mandibular swellingpresented at General Hospital Ifako-Ijaiye. Clinical and investigative findings confirmed unicystic mural ameloblastoma. Intervention: Both underwent marsupialization followed by enucleation with Carnoys solution. Preoperative orthopantomograms showed unilocular radiolucent lesions; postoperative imaging revealed restored bony trabeculae. Outcome: Successful treatment with no recurrence after one year (ongoing monitoring). There was no clinical or radiographic evidence of recurrence at 1-year follow-up. Planned surveillance per IAOMS guidelines (≥5 years for mural UA)" Conclusion: Conservative UA management with regular follow-up prevents facial disfigurement and complications associated with resection, improving quality of life. These are Nigeria’s first documented pediatric UA cases. Keywords: unicystic ameloblastoma, marsupialization, enucleation, Carnoys solution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Babalola Oluwole Castano, Remi T Oluwakuyide, Akanbi Clement Oluwarotimi, Augustine Ikponmwosa Edomwonyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tooth Wear Lesions: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Among Patients Attending the Dental Clinic of a Tertiary Hospital in Ondo State, Nigeria
Objective To determine the prevalence of tooth wear lesions and assess associated risk factors among patients attending the dental clinic of a state tertiary teaching hospital in Nigeria. Background This cross-sectional study was conducted over a three-month period among randomly selected patients attending the outpatient dental clinic of the University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic information, lifestyle factors, oral habits, and oral hygiene practices potentially associated with tooth wear. Clinical examination for tooth wear was performed using the Smith and Knight Tooth Wear Index. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results A total of 102 participants aged 16 years and above were included, comprising 55 males (53.9%) and 47 females (46.1%). The overall prevalence of tooth wear was 56.9%. Among the 9,792 examined surfaces, 61.3% showed signs of wear, while 36.9% of participants exhibited pathological wear. Erosion was the most prevalent type (28.5%), followed by attrition (15.8%) and abrasion (12.4%). Multiple lesion types were observed in 8.8% of participants. Males had more worn surfaces (56.6%) than females (43.4%), though the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.928). Tooth wear was significantly associated with age (p < 0.01), with the highest prevalence in individuals aged 40–49 years (18.7%) and those aged 50 and above (20.8%). Pathological wear was also most common in these age groups. Nail biting showed a strong association with tooth wear (p < 0.01), while bruxism demonstrated borderline significance (p = 0.05). Dietary factors, including daily consumption of fruit juice (p = 0.015) and soft or energy drinks (p = 0.021), were significantly associated with tooth wear, highlighting dietary acids as key contributors. Conclusion Tooth wear is highly prevalent, particularly among adults over 40 years of age, with erosion being the most common type. Age, nail biting, and frequent fruit juice consumption were the most significant predictors. These findings emphasize the need for early risk assessment, patient education, and behavioural interventions to prevent the progression and long-term effects of tooth wear.
Copyright (c) 2025 Augustine Ikponmwosa Edomwonyi, Jacob Babatunde Afolabi , Olayinka Timothy Edun, Samuel Akinfolarin Akinsanya, Precious Oreoluwa Akingbule, Fayokemi Patricia Abbiodun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Radiographic Assessment of Features of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars With Post-Operative Injury to the Inferior Alveolar Nerves: A Record-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Background Surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars (IMTMs) is among the most common minor oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures. However, it carries the risk of complications, including injury to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). Panoramic radiography can predict this risk based on certain radiographic features, including root darkening, interruption of the radiopaque line of the inferior alveolar canal, canal diversion, dark and bifid apex, root deflection, narrowing of the IAN canal, and root narrowing. Objective To assess the prevalence and distribution of seven radiographic signs predictive of IAN injury during mandibular third molar surgery namely, root darkening, interruption of the white line, IAN canal diversion, root deflection, narrowing of the IAN canal, dark and bifid apex, and root narrowing and evaluate their correlation with clinical outcomes in adult patients. Methods This retrospective, cross-sectional study reviewed 258 panoramic radiographs of adult patients aged 18–60 years (120 males and 138 females) with 341 impacted mandibular third molars located in proximity to the IAN canal. Predictor variables were the seven radiographic signs listed above. The primary outcome variable was postoperative IAN injury. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Statistical tests included ANOVA, chi-square, and correlation coefficients, with significance set at p<0.05. Data were presented using descriptive statistics, tables, charts, and graphs. Results The most frequent radiographic sign was interruption of the radiopaque superior margin of the IAN canal (n = 182, 70.5%), followed by narrowing of the IAN canal (n = 143, 55.4%) and root darkening (n = 105, 40.7%). Of the 341 IMTMs, 76 (21.4%) were surgically removed, and 13 (17.1%) of these cases resulted in IAN injury. Among them, eight had interrupted radiopaque lines, three had canal narrowing, and one each showed root deflection and root darkening. Conclusion The most predictive radiographic signs of IAN injury during surgical removal of IMTMs were interruption of the radiopaque canal margin, canal narrowing, and root darkening. Surgeons should carefully assess these signs preoperatively to reduce the risk of nerve injury.
Impacted mandibular third molar, Panoramic radiograph, Inferior Alveolar Nerve injury
Copyright (c) 2025 Bernard Emeka Ogbozor , Mohammad Kaura Abubakar, Abdulmanan Yahaya , Sabir Iya , George O. Ewansiha , Khadija Bashir , Babatunde Olamide Bamgbose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Radiographic Assessment of Mandibular Bone Trabeculae Using Fractal Dimension Analysis For Optimizing Treatment Planning, A Cross-sectional Analysis
Background Early detection of mandibular bone changes is critical for preventing complications during dental surgeries. Radiographic assessment of mandibular trabeculae using visual index assessment and fractal dimension (FD) analysis represents a significant advancement in dental diagnostics. These approaches enhance the identification of individuals at risk of low bone mass and facilitate the monitoring of bone changes, thereby optimizing treatment planning. Objective This study aimed to visually assess changes in the trabecular pattern of the mandible on digital panoramic images and compare these changes with fractal dimension analysis to support optimal treatment planning. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. Two regions of interest (ROIs)—between the interdental region of the second premolar and first molar—were analyzed on both sides of the mandible using dedicated software for visual and FD assessment. Data on age, sex, trabecular pattern type, and FD values were recorded. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square, independent t-test, and ANOVA, were performed to assess associations among variables. Results A total of 412 digital panoramic images were analyzed, comprising 219 (53.2%) males and 193 (46.8%) females, with a mean age (SD) of 35.3 (11.9) years. Sparse trabecular patterns were more prevalent among females (56.0% right; 50.3% left), while significantly higher FD values were observed in males (p = 0.02 right; p = 0.006 left). Both visual assessment and FD analysis identified sparse trabecular patterns on the right (51.7%, 51.9%) and left (44.2%, 48.3%) sides. Agreement between methods was moderate on the right and fair on the left side of the mandible (Kappa = 0.47 and 0.36, respectively). Conclusion Both visual index and FD assessment methods effectively identified sparse trabecular patterns, though neither alone is entirely sufficient. A combined approach yields more reliable data for improved treatment planning.
fractal dimension, trabecular bone, mandible, panoramic, assessment, treatment planning
Copyright (c) 2025 George O. Ewansiha , Mohammad Kaura Abubakar, Abdulmanan Yahaya , Sabir Iya, Bernard Ogbozor , Isah Suleiman Ahmad , Babatunde Olamide Bamgbose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microbial Analysis and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Microorganisms Associated with Teeth Indicated for Non-Surgical Endodontic Treatment in a Nigerian Population-A Cross-Sectional Study
Background The success of endodontic therapy hinges on the eradication of microbial infection within the root canal system. Regional variations in microbial ecology and antibiotic resistance underscore the need for population-specific data to guide clinical protocols. Objective To characterize the microbial composition and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of microorganisms isolated from root canals of teeth indicated for non-surgical endodontic treatment in a Nigerian cohort. Methods In this cross-sectional study, root canal samples were aseptically collected from 40 patients using sterile paper points after irrigation with saline. Specimens were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose, MacConkey, Nutrient, and Blood agar under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Microbial identification was performed via biochemical assays, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results Among 97 isolates, facultative anaerobes predominated (43.2%, n = 42), followed by fungi (38.2%, n = 37) and obligate aerobes (18.6%, n = 18). Staphylococcus spp. (44.4%) was the most prevalent aerobic bacteria, while Streptococcus spp. dominated both facultative (61.9%) and obligate anaerobic isolates. Yeasts constituted 64.9% of fungal isolates. All bacterial isolates exhibited resistance to co-trimoxazole. Resistance to ampicillin was universal among aerobes and anaerobes except Bacteroides spp. Aerobes demonstrated high sensitivity to gentamicin (100%), nalidixic acid (88.9%), and nitrofurantoin (94.4%), with exceptions observed in Klebsiella and Streptococcus spp. Anaerobes showed susceptibility to nitrofurantoin (95.2%) and gentamicin (90.5%), excluding Bacillus spp. Streptomycin resistance was widespread (95.2%) except in Pseudomonas spp. Conclusion Root canal infections in this population exhibit polymicrobial diversity with significant resistance to ampicillin and co-trimoxazole, rendering these agents ineffective. Gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and nalidixic acid demonstrated superior efficacy, highlighting their potential utility in managing refractory infections. These findings advocate for antimicrobial stewardship and susceptibility-guided therapy in Nigerian endodontic practice.
endondontics, microbiology, antibiotics, root canal treatment
Copyright (c) 2025 Okeoghenemaro Gloria. Agboghoroma, Dr. Joan Emien https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Two Different Types of Calcium Hydroxide on Periapical Granulomas: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Objective The mere surgical removal of periapical granulomas through root-end surgery, without proper biomechanical preparation of the canal, placement of calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament, and obturation, does not result in the desired healing of periradicular tissues. The objective of this study was to determine the difference between injectable calcium hydroxide and powder/liquid calcium hydroxide in the resolution of pain (using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale) and periapical granulomas through periodic assessment and measurement of periapical radiolucency, radiographically and using periapical index (PAI) scores. Methods This six-month randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Restorative Unit of the National Hospital, Abuja, from 9 August 2018 to 10 February 2020. A total of 128 participants with 128 maxillary anterior teeth presenting with periapical granulomas and a PAI score of ≥4 with horizontal diameter ≥5 mm were recruited. They were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (n=64) received proprietary injectable calcium hydroxide (Calasept), while Group B (n=64) received the powder/liquid mixture. Participants were recalled at 1 week post-treatment and then monthly for 6 months. Healing was assessed using periapical radiographs and PAI scores. Canals were redressed at 3 months. The primary outcome was lesion size reduction in millimeters and PAI score changes; the secondary outcome was pain resolution. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test, regression analysis, and Friedman test with IBM SPSS version 20.0. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results At 6 months, 100% of participants in both groups had resolution of pain symptoms. Both groups showed significant reduction in periapical lesion size from month 2 to month 6, with faster resolution in Group A. PAI scores significantly reduced in both groups at 6 months, with comparable scores throughout (P < 0.05). Conclusion The findings suggest that both preparations of calcium hydroxide are effective, but the injectable form (Calasept) promotes faster resolution of lesions and symptoms.
Calcium Hydroxide, Periapical Granuloma, Root Canal Therapy
Copyright (c) 2025 Ololade Abosede Akinyemi, Nicolagloria Okeoghenemaro Agboghoroma, Oluwole Oyekunle Dosumu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pattern of Oral and Maxillofacial Biopsy Results in a Teaching Hospital; An 11-year Retrospective Study
Background Biopsy remains a cornerstone in diagnostic pathology, enabling definitive diagnosis, guiding treatment planning, and informing tumor classification. This study evaluated the distribution of histopathologically diagnosed lesions in the oral and maxillofacial region over an 11-year period. Methods A retrospective review was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Pathology, and Molecular Biology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Biopsy records from January 2013 to December 2023 were analyzed. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research and Ethics Committee (HREC Approval No. ADM/DSCST/HREC/APP/5714). Results A total of 756 biopsies were reviewed. Females accounted for 52.2% of cases. The highest frequency of tumors occurred in the fourth decade of life (20.8%). Odontogenic tumors were the most prevalent lesion group, with ameloblastoma being the most common histologic diagnosis, predominantly involving the mandible. Conclusion A broad spectrum of lesions affects the maxillofacial region. Biopsy remains indispensable for definitive diagnosis. Knowledge of lesion distribution patterns is vital for clinical decision-making among oral surgeons and pathologists.
Biopsy, benign, malignant, odontogenic tumour, carcinoma
Copyright (c) 2025 Ebrorhie Ochuko, Adeyemi O. Michael, Abdullahi A.S. Mohammed, Ngalato F. Haningh, Okwor G. Chiamaka, Adedire O. Adetomiwa, Ajayi F. Oluseyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Job Satisfaction among Nigerian Dental Technologists And its Effect on their Relationship with Dental Surgeons, A Cross-sectional Study
Objective Job satisfaction may influence interprofessional relationships among healthcare workers. This study assessed the job satisfaction of dental technologists and its effect on their relationship with dentists. Methods An online questionnaire survey of Nigerian dental technologists was conducted using an adapted Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 23). Chi-square tests were used to compare means, and logistic regression tested associations. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results A total of 131 technologists participated (male: female ratio = 2.5:1). Seventy-seven (58.8%) were married, 68 (51.9%) had worked for 5 years or less, and 64 (48.9%) worked in teaching hospitals. Sixty-three (48.1%) had moderate levels of job satisfaction, while 77 (60.3%) were satisfied with their relationship with dentists. Intrinsic satisfaction was associated with higher education (χ² = 11.48, p = 0.02) and employment in tertiary centers (χ² = 6.84, p = 0.03); extrinsic satisfaction was associated with being married (χ² = 10.44, p = 0.01), and overall satisfaction was higher among females (χ² = 8.41, p = 0.02). In-service development increased the odds of extrinsic satisfaction by 3.1 (1.2–8.0); p = 0.02. Respect for dentists' decisions was associated with interprofessional relationships (χ² = 52.97, p = 0.001), and overall satisfaction strongly correlated with the relationship with the dentist (χ² = 42.79, p < 0.001). Conclusion Job satisfaction was related to good interprofessional relationships. Higher satisfaction levels were associated with being female and working in teaching hospitals. Good interprofessional relationships also improved satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oluwafeyisayo F. Ikusika, Yewande I. Adeyemo, Tope E. Adeyemi, Chikaodi O. Oguchi, Igie M. Ogbonmwan, Uchenna K. Omeje https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Diagnodent and Digital Radiography in Dental Caries Diagnosis at the National Hospital Abuja: a Diagnostic Accuracy Study
Objective Early caries detection is crucial for preventing and controlling the spread of dental caries. Conventional detection techniques (visual and radiographic) rely on subjective judgment and are prone to misinterpretation, which may lead to mismanagement. This highlights the need for objective and quantitative methods to detect and monitor the progression of carious lesions. Among several e m e r g i n g d i a g n o s t i c d e v i c e s , l a s e r fluorescence—particularly Diagnodent—has generated considerable interest. This study aimed to compare the performance of Diagnodent and digital bitewing radiography in detecting early dental caries, using Ekstrand's criteria and manufacturer-recommended Diagnodent thresholds. Study Design This diagnostic accuracy study was conducted at the Restorative Dentistry Unit of the National Hospital, Abuja, from 8 August to 9 November 2022. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of the National Hospital, Abuja (Approval No. NHA/EC/078/2019). Participants Thirty-one participants with 130 premolar and molar teeth that met the inclusion criteria were randomly selected. Test Methods Teeth with incipient, non-cavitated enamel caries were examined using Diagnodent, digital bitewing radiographs, and visual examination (considered the gold standard). Visual and radiographic assessments followed Ekstrand's criteria, while Diagnodent results were interpreted using the manufacturer's cut-off values. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, overall accuracy, and Kappa scores (intra- and inter-examiner agreement) were calculated. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 26.0. The significance level was set at P< 0.05. Outcomes For occlusal surfaces, the sensitivity of early caries detection was 95.6%, 80.0%, and 100% for visual examination, Diagnodent, and bitewing radiography, respectively. The corresponding specificity values were 90.2%, 95.4%, and 27.3%. On interproximal surfaces, all methods recorded 100% sensitivity, but bitewing radiography had the lowest specificity (70.9%). Differences in specificity among diagnostic methods were statistically significant (P < 0.05) for both occlusal and interproximal surfaces, while sensitivity differences were not. Overall diagnostic accuracy was statistically significant for all three methods on both surfaces. Kappa scores for intra- and inter-examiner agreement were 0.9 for each diagnostic method. Diagnodent was more accurate than bitewing radiography for detecting early carious lesions on both occlusal and interproximal surfaces. Although Diagnodent demonstrated high accuracy, it is recommended as an adjunct to visual and radiographic methods rather than a standalone tool.
Keywords: Diagnodent, Radiography, Dental Caries, Diagnosis
Effects of Prednisolone and Kotase on Post-Disimpaction Sequelae of Mandibular Third Molars in General Hospital, Lagos: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Background The sequelae of surgical disimpaction of mandibular third molars negatively impact patients' quality of life in the immediate post-operative period. Some clinicians have shown reluctance to use steroids in oral surgery, though they provide excellent control of the postoperative inflammatory triad following third molar disimpaction. Kotase, a fixed-dose combination of two enzymes (Bromelain and Trypsin), has also been effective in reducing postoperative inflammation. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial at the General Hospital, Lagos Island. Eighty-four participants were randomized into two treatment groups: Prednisolone and Kotase. Pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Facial swelling was measured using linear distances from the tragus to pogonion, tragus to the angle of the mouth, and gonial angle to the lateral canthus of the eye. Trismus was measured using a pair of dividers. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Chi-square and Student's t-tests were used for comparisons, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants were similar in both groups. The highest intensity of sequelae occurred on the first postoperative day in both groups. Pain was not statistically significant (t = 0.067, p = 0.946). Facial volumetric variation in the tragus–oral commissure plane (t = 0.369, p = 0.713), tragus–pogonion plane (t = 0.959, p = 0.341), and outer canthus–gonial plane (t = 1.523, p = 0.132) showed no significant differences. Trismus was also not statistically significant (t = 0.890, p = 0.376). Conclusion Kotase was observed to be as effective as prednisolone in mitigating postoperative inflammatory sequelae following mandibular third molar disimpaction
Third molar, multiple impaction, diabetics, hypertensive, Prednisolone, Kotase
Copyright (c) 2025 Babalola Oluwole Castano, Akanbi Clement .O Oluwarotimi, Oluwafemi Adewale Adesina, Bola Obisesan, Olalekan Michael Gbotolorun, Adeshina Olumuyiwa S Ayodele https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perceived Oral Hygiene Status, Dental Service Utilization and Treatment Needs of Medical and Nursing Students at A Tertiary Institution in Nigeria: a Cross-sectional Study
Objective To evaluate the perceived oral hygiene status, dental service utilization, and treatment needs of medical and nursing students at a tertiary institution in Nigeria. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among clinical medical and nursing students at the University of Port Harcourt. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic variables, perceived self-rated oral hygiene status, dental service utilization, and treatment needs. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Descriptive statistics were computed, and associations were tested using the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test where appropriate. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 155 participants were included, with 85 (54.8%) being clinical medical students and 70 (45.2%) being clinical nursing students. Only 6 (3.9%) of the medical students and 5 (3.2%) of the nursing students rated their oral hygiene as excellent. Dental clinic visits in the last 12 months were significantly higher among nursing students (50.0%) compared to medical students (32.9%), p = 0.031. More nursing students (67.1%) than medical students (49.4%) reported needing further dental treatment (p = 0.034). The most commonly required treatment was scaling and polishing. Conclusion The overall perception of oral hygiene among participants was suboptimal. While half of the nursing students visited the dental clinic in the past year, a significant proportion of medical students did not. There is a need for improved oral health awareness and preventive dental care promotion among medical and nursing students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Grace Alade, Raymond Stanley Chukwunonso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation Between Skin Color and Tooth Shade in the Pediatric Population
Background: The dental literature has well documented the relationship between tooth color and skin tone, with studies focusing primarily on adults. To our knowledge, no study has been conducted in the pediatric/adolescent population. This study investigated the relationship between tooth and skin color in the pediatric/adolescent population. Methods: This study was conducted on children and adolescents undergoing dental treatment at the Queen Fabiola Children's Hospital in Brussels. The study included subjects with fully erupted right maxillary central incisors. A spectrophotometer was used to select the shade; after the measurement procedure was initiated, the tooth shade was recorded twice with 'L,' 'a, and 'b' values before dental treatment. Skin color was measured according to the Fitzpatrick scale. Results: Regarding gender, a significant inverse correlation was observed between a* parameter and gender. According to the Fitzpatrick scale, there was a significant inverse correlation (P<0.0001) between a* and b* parameters and skin color. There was a linear correlation (P<0.01) between the L* parameter and skin color. There was no significant difference between boys and girls. Conclusion: In the existing literature, more studies are needed to demonstrate a direct correlation between skin color and tooth color in children and adolescents. Our research delves into this unexplored area and reveals intriguing findings suggesting a possible association. Especially in certain genetic cases, our study underscores the importance of considering this correlation. The data collected and analyzed in our research sheds light on the relationship between skin color and tooth color and advocates exploring this alternative perspective. This groundbreaking finding opens avenues for further investigation into the complex relationship between genetics, skin pigmentation, and dental characteristics, providing valuable insights for practitioners and researchers alike.
oligodontia or anodontia, Pediatric, Tooth shade, Skin color
Copyright (c) 2025 Amir Shayegan, Candice Abergel, Nicka Safavi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Challenges Experienced and Coping Mechanisms of Internally Migrated Informal Caregivers of Patients With Orofacial Diseases Attending the University College Hospital, Ibadan
Introduction- Certain illness may require long-term from specialists, often located in teaching hospitals in developing countries. This may involve internally migrating informal caregivers (IMICS) accompanying patients to tertiary health institutions. Little is known about the difficulties encountered by informal carers of patients with orofacial diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, specifically Nigeria. This study explores the lived experiences of internally migrated informal caregivers of patients with orofacial diseases at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, regarding the hurdles they encountered and the coping strayegies they employed. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study which utilized phenomenological inquiry was conducted among internally migrated informal caregivers of patients with orofacial diseases at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Data was collected through face-to-face in-depth interviews,which were audiotaped and later transcribed. A total of 18 internally migrated informal caregivers were interviewed for the study. Interviews were stopped when the participants responses were the same signifying saturation. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Result: Thirteen (72.2%) of the caregivers were female and 14 (77.8%) of the respondents were married. Fifteen (83.3%) of the IMICs were employed , while (16.7%) were undergraduate students. Informal caregivers who relocated internally spent 5-10 nights with their patients in the facility, facing emotional,health, financial,tran sportation, and institutional challenges, along with poor attitude and responsiveness from health workers. Coping mechanisms included socializing with other IMICs, being religious, engaging with media, finding the hospital staff friendly and having a support system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mariyam Salako, Tunde Ojerinde, Folake Lawal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effects of Intraoperative Povidone-Iodine and Normal Saline Irrigations on Postoperative Inflammatory Sequelae and Bleeding in Mandibular Third Molar Disimpactions: A Comparative Study
Background Mandibular third molar disimpactions(M3-Disimpactions) is often associated with postoperative sequalae of pain, swelling, trismus and dysphagia1 which disturb patients’ Poor bone drilling efficiency and irrigation of the surgical site during M3-Disimpactions may worsen the postoperative morbidity and delay wound healing due to persistence of debris and devitalized bone fragments in the surgical site. It is therefore necessary to improve cutting efficiency and remove M3-Disimpaction site debris and devitalized tissues via copious irrigation and lavage to prevent worsening of the postoperative inflammatory sequelae. Aim The study aimed to compare the effects of Povidone iodine solution(PI) and normal saline(NS) irrigants on postoperative pain, swelling, trismus, and immediate postoperative bleeding(IPB) in M3-Disimpactionsn at the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria(AKTH). Methodology The study was a randomized controlled study conducted among M3-Disimpaction patients who presented to the Oral surgery clinic of AKTH between May to November 2018. A sample size of 76 was calculated and convenience sampling was used to recruit subjects who were randomly assigned into a study group(SG) and a control group(CG). Each group comprised 38 subjects. The disimpaction irrigants were PI(0.5mg/ml solution) and NS in the SG and CG respectively. Immediate postoperative bleeding(IPB) was assessed for all disimpactions. Pain was assessed on postoperative days 1, 2 and 7(POD1, POD2 and POD7) while swelling and trismus were measured on POD2 and POD7. Statistical comparisons of outcome measures were done within and across groups with significance level set at p≤0.05. Results All recruited 38 subjects of each comparative group in the study completed the study. Each group had a similar M:F ratio of 1:1.3. Within-group analyses revealed that both PI and NS had significant effects on control of postoperative pain (PI: p=0.0001, NS: p=0.0001), swelling (PI: p=0.0001, NS: p=0.0001) and trismus (PI: p=0.0001, NS: p=0.001). Intergroup comparisons of outcome measures taken on POD1 ,POD2 and POD7 showed there were no significant differences in the means of postoperative pain scores (POD1: p=0.414, POD2: p=0.079, POD7: p=0.213), swelling measures (POD2: p=0.127, POD7: p=0.333 ) and Trismus values (POD2: p=0.599, POD7: p=0.566) of both groups. Mean IPB of both groups was significantly different (p=0.0001) with lower mean bleeding outcomes in the PI group. Conclusion PI and NS irrigations have similar significant effects on post-operative pain, swelling and trismus in M3-Disimpactions. However, PI has better haemostatic activity than NS. Clinicians should consider PI irrigation in M3-Disimpactions to reduce peri-operative bleeding.
Povidone iodine, normal saline, irrigation, third-molar disimpaction
Copyright (c) 2025 Mustapha, Saheed Olawale, Suleiman, Abdul Rasheed, Abdullahi, Adam Sheikh Mohammed, Amole, Olushola Ibiyinka, Efunkoya, Akinwale Adeyemi, Omeje, Kelvin Uchenna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cosmetic Outcomes of Three Skin Closure Techniques for Submandibular Surgical Incisions in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital
Introduction The face is an important part of the body for identification, communicative and adornment roles. Due to its prominence, Injuries and scars on the face have psychological impact on individuals living with them. Besides placement of incisions at the junction of the facial aesthetic units, orientation of surgical incisions along skin creases, and paying attention to surgical principles during wound closure to prevent unacceptable surgical scars, the technique used for closure of surgical wounds also influences the cosmetic outcome of their scars. There is paucity of studies on the cosmetic outcomes of different closure techniques in the maxillofacial region among Africans. Aim This study aimed at comparing cosmetic outcomes following closure of submandibular incisions using subcuticular suturing, tissue adhesive, and percutaneous stapler - among maxillofacial surgical patients at the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano (AKTH). Complications and duration of wound closure for each of the three techniques were also assessed. Materials and Methods The study was a prospective cross-sectional study with a calculated size of 60 subjects recruited and randomly allotted into three groups A, B, and C at AKTH. Group A had subcuticular wound closure of submandibular incisions, while groups B and C had tissue adhesive and staples closures of submandibular incisions respectively. Intraoperatively, each wound’s length (centimeters) and closure time(minutes), were recorded, and the closure time per unit length (min/cm) for each wound was calculated and recorded. The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) was used to assess cosmetic outcomes of the incision scars on postoperative days 10, 30 and 90 and comparisons of the POSAS scores and closure times per unit lengths of the wounds were done using Kruskal Wallis statistical test. The Subjects were also assessed for the presence of abscess and dehiscence on postoperative day (POD) 7. The level of statistical significance was set at p≤0.05. Results Fifty-six subjects with ages 18 to 60 years (mean=35±12years) and a male: female ratio of 2.3:1. completed the study. Patient scale scores of POSAS showed a significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) in outcome scores on POD10 (p<0.001) and POD30 (p=0.04) with tissue adhesive scars having the best cosmetic rating on both days. The Observer scale scores showed that wound closure with tissue adhesives had a significantly better outcome on POD10(p<0.001). There was no significant difference in observer outcome scores between the 3 closure techniques on POD30 (p=0.12) and POD90 (p=0.73) Analysis of the closure time per unit wound length showed that the subcuticular technique had the longest closure time per unit length, mean = 2.01± 0.54min/cm. Tissue adhesive had a mean = 0.45± 0.65min/cm, while staple had the shortest closure time per unit length, mean=0.18±0.03min/cm. There was a statistically significant difference in closure time across all wound closure techniques (p < 0.001) Two subjects had wound dehiscence in the tissue adhesive group while four subjects had wound dehiscence in the staple group. There was no wound dehiscence in the subcuticular group. The incidence of wound dehiscence was however not statistically significant. (p = 0.19). Conclusion In the early postoperative period, tissue adhesive yielded the best cosmetic outcome compared to subcuticular suturing and staples for surgical closures. However, irrespective of the wound closure type employed, the cosmetic outcome of the scar may eventually be similar. The staple was the fastest for wound closure among the three closure techniques and may help reduce the operation time if employed. The incidence of wound complications with the three different wound closure techniques was similar.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulahi Ademola Ogundele, Suleiman Abdul Rasheed, Amole Olushola Ibiyinka, Efunkoya Akinwale Adeyemi, Omeje Kelvin Uchenna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Endodontic Management of a Mandibular Second Premolar With Two Roots and Four Canals: A Case Report
A detailed understanding of root canal morphology is essential for successful root canal, mandibular second premolar usually consists of a single root with a single root canal but two roots with multiple canals has been reported. This study aims to bring to attention such variations in root and canal numbers and a successful, nonsurgical endodontic management of mandibular left second premolar with two separate roots and four distinct root canals. Tooth was tender on percussion with electric pulp tests revealed tooth 35 to be totally non-responsive. Digital periapical radiograph showed two rooted tooth 35 with coronal radiolucency in close communication with the pulp and diagnosis of acute apical periodontitis of tooth 35 was made. Root canal treatment done locating all four canals; mesio lingual, mesio-buccal, disto-lingual and disto-buccal
Copyright (c) 2025 Oseremen Akhigbemen , Chukwuemeka Gregory C, Joan Enabulele https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Does Gingival Biotype Affect the Prevalence of Gingival Recession Among Patients at a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria?
Objectives: To investigate the type of gingival biotype, present among participants who attended the Periodontology clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Rivers State and to assess the effect of the types of gingival biotype on the prevalence of gingival recession. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among patients who attended the Periodontology clinic at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research and Ethics Committee of the Institution. Participants’ consents were obtained before the study was commenced. Data was collected using semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire had three sections: section A included information on socio-demographic characteristics, section B included information about oral hygiene practices of the participants, while section C included intraoral examination to determine the type of gingival biotype and presence of gingival recession on the six maxillary anterior teeth at the mid-buccal area of the tooth. The gingival biotype was determined using the probe transparency method, based on the visibility of the underlying Williams probe through the gingiva tissue. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Product and Service Solution, SPSS version 25.0 (IBM SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois). statistical significance was considered at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Ninety-eight participants participated in the study, fifty-five (56.1%) were females while 43(43.9%) were males. Sixty-seven (68.4%) of participants cleaned their teeth once daily. The prevalence of gingival recession was 23.47%. Majority (82.7%) of the participants had thick gingival biotype, while 17.3% had thin gingival biotype. Majority of the younger participants had thick gingival biotype, while the elderly participants had thin gingival biotype, (p<0.026). Based on gender, 47(85.5%) and 34(79.1%) of females and males respectively had thick gingival biotype (p=0.407). About 18.5% of participants with thick gingival biotype presented with gingival recession while 47.1% of participants with thin gingival biotype had gingival recession. Conclusion: Majority of the participants presented with thick gingival biotype. The prevalence of gingival recession in this study was statistically associated with the age of the participants, type of gingival biotype, type of toothbrush and tooth brushing method used. Gingival recession was more common in participants with thin gingival biotype.
Copyright (c) 2025 Grace Alade, Ayamma Umanah-Edeani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Repeatability of Instrumental Shade Matching Using Vita Easyshade Advance V Spectrophotometer
Objectives: To assess the intra-device repeatability in tooth shade matching with the VITA Easy shade advance V spectrophotometer Materials and Method: This is a cross-sectional clinical study. Twenty six teeth (Incisor-Premolar, being the aesthetic region) that met the selection criteria were included in the study. Spectrophotometric shade matchings of the teeth were done using VITA Easyshade advance V digital dental spectrophotometer. Three consecutive shade readings were taken by the device and recorded for each participant. Data collected was entered into personal computer spread sheet and analysis was done using IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 23. The statistical significance was set at <0.05. Results: A total of twenty six (26) participants were recruited for the study. There were 11 (42.3%) males and 15 (57.7%) females. Half (50.0%) of the participants were aged 20-39 years. The first and second consecutive shades selected using the spectrophotometer were the same for 13 (50%) teeth. At the second and third consecutive shade selections, the instrument selected identical shades for 20 (76.9%) teeth. In addition, the same shades were recorded by the spectrophotometer for 17 (65.4%) at the first and third shade selection, while same shade reading were gotten for 12 (46.2%) three consecutive times. There were none of the cases in which all the three shade selected by the spectrophotometer differed. Intra-device reliability for the three consecutive reading measured with Cohen’s Kappa coefficient was 0.39. Conclusions: Instrumental tooth shade matching with VITA Easy shade advance V spectrophotometer enabled repeatable measurement.
repeatability, shade matching, instrumental, spectrophotometer
Running title: Repeatability of instrumental shade matching
Copyright (c) 2025 Gbenga Emmanuel Adebayo, Temitope Olabisi Omosebi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Awareness of Malocclusion and Desire for Orthodontic Treatment Among Secondary School Pupils in Ondo City, Ondo State
Background: Malocclusion is a prevalent dental issue, particularly among children and young adults, with significant implications for dental function and aesthetics. Understanding the occurrence of malocclusion and the desire for orthodontic treatment among secondary school pupils is crucial for early intervention. This study assesses these factors among secondary school pupils in Ondo City, Ondo State. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria. The study included secondary school pupils aged 11-15 years, with a representative sample size of 242. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, which checked for their awareness of malocclusion, knowledge, and desire for orthodontic treatment. The survey data was collected and organized into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and statistically analyzed utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test and P values less than 0.05 were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee of the University of Medical Sciences, Ondo. Results: The study revealed that 56.6% of pupils observed their teeth as properly aligned, while 78.5% had seen peers with misaligned teeth. Significantly more females observed misalignment in their teeth, while males reported more teasing due to misaligned teeth (p < 0.05). Despite the awareness of malocclusion, 86% of pupils disapproved of living with it throughout life, with more females expressing dissatisfaction with their dental arrangement. Only 36.4% of pupils had heard of orthodontics, primarily from teachers and dentists. Significantly more females demonstrated knowledge about orthodontic treatment (p < 0.05). While 61.9% perceived a need for orthodontic treatment, only 50.8% were willing to accept it. Age statistically correlated significantly with awareness, knowledge, and willingness to accept treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study reports a variation in malocclusion awareness and the desire for orthodontic treatment among secondary school pupils, with age and gender playing significant roles as older pupils and females showed higher awareness and treatment desire. It also showed the need for educational interventions to increase awareness, especially among younger pupils and males, to address oral health disparities and improve psychological well-being among school pupils in Ondo City.
Malocclusion, Orthodontic treatment, Ondo state
Copyright (c) 2025 Augustine Edomwonyi, Nathan Ikimi, Timothy Edun, Onengiyeofori Selema Tariah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Affecting Satisfaction With the Process of Orthodontic Treatment in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife
Objectives: This study aims to determine the factors contributing to patient satisfaction with orthodontic treatment at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex. The specific objectives were to identify factors improving and negatively impacting patient satisfaction, and determine the level of patient satisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, which involved patients attending the orthodontic clinic at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex. A self-administered questionnaire assessed patient demographics, satisfaction levels, and factors influencing satisfaction. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and mean scores. Results: Of the 67 respondents, 91% reported satisfaction with their orthodontic treatment. The doctor-patient relationship received the highest mean satisfaction score, while psycho-social improvement received the lowest. Dissatisfied patients were predominantly females in the 21-30 age group. Factors such as dento-facial and dental function improvements significantly affected satisfaction levels. Conclusion: The majority of orthodontic patients at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex reported satisfaction with their treatment. Improving patient communication, managing expectations, and addressing dento-facial and dental function improvements can enhance satisfaction levels. Strengthening the doctor-patient relationship and optimizing clinic experiences can improve patient satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2024 Benjamin MOSAKU, Adeyemi FADEJU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TIME TO ALIGNMENT OF ANTERIOR SEGMENT CROWDING TREATED WITH NiTi AND COPPER NiTi ARCH WIRES
Abstract Introduction Treatment duration and cost are integral aspects of orthodontic treatment planning and are required to predict outcomes. Shorter treatment regimens prevent the adverse effects of orthodontic treatment. Contemporary arch wires have properties that potentially shorten orthodontic treatment time. This study aimed to determine the time to alignment of anterior segment crowding with NiTi and CuNiTi arch wires. Methods: A randomized controlled trial carried out at the Orthodontic unit of a tertiary hospital. Thirty-two arches with Little’s Irregularity Index (LII) of ≥ 4mm on anterior permanent teeth were involved in the study. The LII was measured on study models at pre-treatment and after commencement of orthodontic treatment, at each review visit until it reduced to 3.0mm or less. The results were analyzed on the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Chicago Inc. V. with Mann-Whitney U test, Kaplan-Meier methods, the Log rank test and Cox regression at p<0.05. RESULTS: The arches had moderate 22 (34.3%), severe 25 (39.1%) and very severe 17 (26.6%) crowding. The mean time to alignment was 55.69 ± 20.18 days (CuNiti) and 67.19±33.91 days (Niti). The time to resolution of crowding for 50% of the arches was similar for the wires (p =0.07). The resolution of crowding was 0.77 times higher with CuNiTi wires. Arches with initial severe crowding had a 4.56 increase in the time to alignment with every 1 mm increase in their LII (p value ˂0.05). Conclusion The time to alignment of anterior segment crowding with NiTi and CuNiTi arch wires was similar.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fechi Nkwocha , Clara Akinyamoju, Orighoye Temisanren, Oluranti daCosta, Obafunke Denloye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0