The Nigerian Dental Journal (NDJ) is the official publication of the Nigerian Dental Association. The NDJ is dedicated to promoting the advancement of oral health in Nigeria through the dissemination of original research and review articles, as well as case reports and other relevant information for dental professionals. The Nigerian Dental Journal publishes peer-reviewed, scientific articles relevant to the needs of dental, medical and other health professionals in Nigeria and other parts of the world. Accepted publications include clinical papers, research papers, review papers, technical notes (surgical techniques, technical innovations), case reports and letters to the Editor.
Open Access Statement We became fully Open Access since January 2023. Our new and archived materials are available free of charge on open basis and under a Creative Commons license as stated below. Copyright statement Copyright © 1999 The authors. This work, Nigerian Dental Journal by Nigerian Dental Association is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
In Vitro Evaluation of Apical Debris Extrusion Using Different Rotary File Systems in Extracted Mandibular Premolars
Objectives This in vitro study aimed to compare the amount of apically extruded debris generated during root canal preparation using three contemporary nickel–titanium file systems with different design features and kinematics: TruNatomy, HyFlex EDM, and WaveOne Gold. Methods Eighty-seven extracted single-rooted mandibular premolars were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 29). Canal preparation was performed according to the manufacturers' instructions for each system. Irrigation was standardized using 10 mL of distilled water per canal. Apically extruded debris was collected in pre-weighed Eppendorf tubes, dried at 70 °C for 5 days, and weighed using an analytical balance. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with appropriate post hoc tests or the Kruskal–Wallis test, depending on data distribution. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results A statistically significant difference in the amount of apically extruded debris was observed among the groups (P < 0.001). TruNatomy produced significantly less debris (mean ± SD: 0.018 ± 0.006 g) compared with HyFlex EDM (mean ± SD: 0.031 ± 0.006 g) and WaveOne Gold (mean ± SD: 0.027 ± 0.008 g). No significant difference was detected between the HyFlex EDM and WaveOne Gold systems (P > 0.05). Conclusion Within the limitations of this in vitro model, apical debris extrusion differed among rotary systems with distinct design characteristics and kinematics. TruNatomy was associated with lower debris extrusion than HyFlex EDM and WaveOne Gold under standardized laboratory conditions. These findings should be interpreted as comparative experimental data, as periapical tissue resistance and clinical irrigation dynamics were not simulated. Keywords: Apical debris extrusion; Root canal preparation; Nickel–titanium instruments; TruNatomy; WaveOne Gold; HyFlex EDM
Apical debris extrusion; Root canal preparation; Nickel–titanium instruments; TruNatomy; WaveOne Gold; HyFlex EDM
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Bilgeç, Aliye Kamalak, Esra Balkanlıoğlu, Adem Doğaner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recent Update on Management of Xerostomia: A Narrative Review
Background: Xerostomia is a multifactorial condition with significant consequences for oral function and quality of life. While conventional diagnostic and treatment strategies remain essential, rapid advances in salivary diagnostics, imaging technologies, artificial intelligence, and regenerative therapies have expanded the clinical landscape. However, the clinical utility and translational readiness of these emerging approaches remain incompletely synthesised. Objectives: To review conventional and emerging diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for xerostomia and evaluate their clinical utility, translational readiness, and limitations. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and PubMed databases. English-language publications from 2000 to 2025 were retrieved using combinations of keywords related to xerostomia, diagnosis, management, biomarkers, imaging, and emerging therapies. Clinical studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and relevant narrative reviews were included. Results: Conventional diagnostic methods, including symptom assessment, clinical examination, and sialometry, remain essential but have limitations. Emerging approaches such as salivary biomarkers, advanced imaging, wearable sensors, and artificial intelligence show improved diagnostic potential. Traditional treatments focus on symptom relief and salivary stimulation, while novel therapies—including acupuncture, low-level laser therapy, intraoral devices, and regenerative approaches—demonstrate promising outcomes. However, their clinical application is limited by cost, accessibility, and insufficient validation. Conclusion: Conventional and emerging approaches should be viewed as complementary rather than competing strategies in xerostomia management. Although novel technologies offer substantial promise for improving diagnostic precision and therapeutic outcomes, further clinical validation and long-term evidence are required before widespread integration into routine practice. Keywords: Xerostomia; Hyposalivation; Salivary gland dysfunction; Diagnosis; Salivary biomarkers; Emerging therapies
Xerostomia, Hyposalivation, Diagnosis, Treatment, Conventional, Novel, Methods,
Copyright (c) 2026 Olawande Adebayo, Funmilola Eunice Adewinle, Elijah Olufemi Oyetola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adherence to Recall Visits among Removable Partial Denture Wearers: Motivations, Limitations, and Implications
Background: New denture wearers are reported to seek professional advice more frequently than individuals with longer denture experience. It is unclear, however, whether this translates into better adherence to recommended recall visits, which are critical for maintaining oral health. Objective: To determine whether new denture wearers are more likely to maintain regular recall visits compared to those with longer-term use of removable partial dentures (RPDs). Methods: This cohort study was conducted over two years and included consecutive patients seeking RPDs at four teaching hospitals in Nigeria: Lagos, Benin, Maiduguri, and Kano. Data on demographics and socioeconomic status were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire (Questionnaire 1). Information on recall visits, factors influencing maintenance attendance, and motivators for compliance were gathered using a second questionnaire (Questionnaire 2). Participants were categorized into three groups: new RPD wearers (0–2 years), old denture wearers (>2 to <4 years), and older denture wearers (≥4 years). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Of the 381 participants (mean age: 46.25 ± 17.81 years; 50.7% male), only 132 (34.6%) attended one or more recall visits after denture insertion. No significant associations were found between sociodemographic variables and recall attendance. However, frequency of brushing and noticing changes in the oral mucosa were significantly associated with recall visits (p = 0.026 and p = 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: This study found that both new and long-term removable partial denture wearers showed low adherence to recall visits, with no significant difference between the groups. The primary reasons for attending recall visits were to prevent further tooth loss and to follow the doctor's instructions, while the main barriers were a lack of instruction and a perceived lack of necessity. The most actionable finding is that 42% of non-attendees reported simply not being instructed to return for recall visits, representing a clear target for quality improvement. Additionally, noticing changes in the oral mucosa was linked to even lower adherence, highlighting poor dental health and denture maintenance-seeking behavior among participants. The null hypothesis remained unchallenged. Keywords: Removable, partial, denture, recall visit, adherence, motivation
Copyright (c) 2026 Bolanle Oyeyemi Akinboboye, Deborah Oreoluwa Adebomi, Ebenezer Abiodun Ajoloko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Edentulism Beyond The Mouth: Oral Microbes And Social Identity Crisis – A Narrative Review
Background: Tooth loss (edentulism) affects millions of Nigerians, with consequences that extend beyond oral function to psychosocial well-being.¹ However, the link between oral microbes—the primary agents of tooth loss—and the social identity consequences of edentulism remains underexplored, particularly in African contexts. Objective: This review synthesizes available evidence on oral microbiology, psychosocial impacts of tooth loss, and cultural dimensions of edentulism to examine whether edentulism can be understood as a social identity crisis mediated by oral microbes, and to identify implications for Nigerian dental practice. Methods: This narrative review followed the SANRA (Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles) guidelines.¹² We systematically searched high-impact journals indexed in PubMed and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed publications published between 2000 and 2026. Articles that did not undergo peer review, articles published in languages other than English, or those that were not accessible because access was closed unless key information was available through abstracts or summaries were excluded. Findings: Oral microbes including Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans drive the caries and periodontitis that lead to tooth loss.³˒⁴ Synthesized evidence from quantitative studies shows that 45–49% of edentulous individuals report difficulty coming to terms with tooth loss, with documented emotional effects including sadness (12.9%), depression (6.4%), and feeling of lost body part (14%).¹ Visible caries operate as social stigma, with experimental studies showing lower ratings of intelligence, social skills, and happiness based solely on visible decay.²³ Halitosis from microbial metabolism causes documented social avoidance and workplace discrimination.¹⁹˒²⁵ A Yoruba proverb captures this understanding: "Bi eyin ba ti ka, ile erin a wo" (when teeth are lost, the house of laughter collapses). Current evidence indicates that no published Nigerian studies have tested whether cultural frameworks interpret edentulism as self-mutilation or norm violation.⁷ Conclusion: Available evidence supports understanding edentulism as a social identity crisis mediated by oral microbes. Research gaps include the absence of qualitative Nigerian studies on patient experience and untested cultural hypotheses.⁷ Keywords: Edentulism, oral microbiota, social identity, psychosocial impact, Nigerian dentistry
Edentulism, oral microbiota, social identity, psychosocial impact, Nigerian dentistry
Copyright (c) 2026 Olufemi Okunye, Olufunmilayo Ebunoluwa Adejumo, Oluwaseun Eunice Adewole, Bunmi Comfort Kotun, Joshua Seun Ayedun; Helen Omosalewa Adewoyin; Brenda Iloka Chijioke, Idowu Philip Adegboyega, Ememabasi Precious V-Thompson, Titilayo Teniola Kolade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Patterns of Root Canal Instrumentation in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study
Background: Root canal treatment (RCT) is a cornerstone of restorative dental practice, and the choice of instrumentation system may influence clinical outcomes. Despite global advances in rotary nickel-titanium (NiTi) technology, manual instrumentation persists in many resource-constrained teaching environments. This study evaluated the types of instrumentation and techniques used in RCT across different caregiver designations at a tertiary teaching hospital in Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted involving 357 RCT cases performed at University College Hospital, Ibadan, from January 2020 to December 2022. Data were extracted from standardized endodontic records using a structured form. Variables included caregiver designation (resident, house officer, consultant, student), instrumentation type (manual, rotary, combined), and technique (step-back or crown-down). The association between caregiver designation and instrumentation type was assessed using chi-square analysis, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Residents performed the majority of procedures (88.2%). Manual instrumentation was used in 353 cases (98.9%), while rotary and combined techniques were each used in 2 cases (0.6%). The step-back technique predominated (97.8%). A statistically significant association was found between caregiver designation and instrumentation type (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Manual instrumentation remains overwhelmingly dominant at this teaching hospital, with rotary NiTi systems confined to more experienced clinicians. Targeted strategies to integrate rotary instrumentation into undergraduate and postgraduate curricula are urgently needed. Keywords: Root canal treatment; rotary instrumentation; nickel titanium; manual instrumentation; caregiver designation; endodontics; Nigeria
rotary instrumentation; nickel–titanium; manual instrumentation; caregiver designation; endodontics; Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2026 Shakeerah Olaide Gbadebo, Promise Udohchukwu Okereke, Elijah Ifeoluwa Ajao, Folake Sileola Olasemi, Clara Arianta Akinyamoju https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between Demographic/Socioeconomic Factors and Postoperative Oral Health Outcomes Among Oral/Maxillofacial Surgery Patients in a Lagos General Hospital
ABSTRACT Background: Oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures are associated with varying degrees of postoperative disability, affecting patients’ physical function and psychosocial well-being. Although socioeconomic and demographic factors are known to influence health outcomes, their role in postoperative oral health outcomes in resource-limited settings remains unclear. Objectives: To assess the association between demographic and socioeconomic factors and postoperative oral health outcomes among patients attending the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit of Alimosho General Hospital, Igando, Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: This hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study involved 96 patients who underwent oral and maxillofacial surgery between August 2025 and April 2026. A consecutive sampling method was used, and eligible participants were recruited during postoperative follow-up visits within six months after surgery. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that included the Facial Disability Index (FaDI) to assess physical and social disability. The primary surgical procedures performed and primary clinical indications for surgery were recorded as separate variables. The questionnaire was interviewer-administered in English and, where necessary, translated verbally to improve comprehension. FaDI scores were summarized and categorized for analysis. Associations were tested using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests at p < 0.05. Results: A high prevalence of postoperative disability was observed. No statistically significant associations were found between most demographic or socioeconomic variables and outcomes. Employment status was significantly associated with physical function outcomes (p = 0.028). In contrast, the indication for surgery was associated with both physical function (p = 0.039) and social well-being outcomes (p = 0.023). Conclusion: Postoperative disability remains high. Clinical factors, particularly surgical indication, were more strongly associated with postoperative outcomes in this study population. Structured rehabilitation and psychosocial support should be integrated into postoperative care. Larger, multicentre longitudinal studies are recommended. Keywords: Postoperative oral health outcomes, maxillofacial surgery, socioeconomic factors, postoperative disability, Nigeria
Postoperative oral health outcomes, maxillofacial surgery, socioeconomic factors
Copyright (c) 2026 John Chukwudumebi Wemambu, Sikiru Olatunji Usman, Obigbesan Kayode Olumide, Chidera Chukwudumebi Wemambu, Rafiat Nasiru-Piponsuhu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Use of Gutta-Percha for Pulpectomy in a Retained Primary Molar with a Congenitally Missing Permanent Successor: A Case Report
Background: Retention of a primary tooth due to congenital absence of its permanent successor presents a unique restorative and endodontic challenge. In such situations, preservation of the retained primary tooth for as long as possible is desirable to maintain function, arch integrity, and alveolar bone support. Although gutta-percha (GP) is conventionally used as an obturating material in permanent teeth, its use in primary teeth is uncommon because of the physiologic root resorption necessary for the exfoliation of primary dentition. However, in cases where the permanent successor is congenitally absent, gutta-percha may serve as a suitable non-resorbable obturating material. Case Report: This case report describes the management of a 15-year-old female who presented with recurrent spontaneous pain associated with a retained mandibular left primary second molar. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed dental caries with irreversible pulpitis in tooth 75 and congenital absence of the permanent mandibular left second premolar (35). A two-visit pulpectomy was performed, and the canals were obturated with gutta-percha. The tooth was subsequently restored with glass ionomer cement and a stainless-steel crown. Clinical and radiographic follow-up over 12 months demonstrated the absence of pain, swelling, mobility, sinus tract formation, or periapical pathology, indicating a successful treatment outcome. Conclusion: This report highlights the potential use of gutta-percha as an obturating material in retained primary teeth without permanent successors, where long-term tooth preservation is desired. Keywords: Gutta-percha, retained primary tooth, hypodontia, pulpectomy, congenitally missing tooth
Gutta-percha, retained primary tooth, hypodontia, pulpectomy, congenitally missing tooth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Philip U Ogordi, Timothy Onoriode Ahworegba, EJ Emajemite https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Awareness and Knowledge of Antimicrobial Resistance among Dental Students in Nigeria: A Multi-Centre Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global public health threat, with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in dentistry contributing to its acceleration. Understanding the knowledge and awareness of dental students is critical to inform educational interventions. Objective: To assess the awareness, knowledge, and ability to identify antibiotics among dental students in six Nigerian universities and evaluate associated demographic and academic factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among dental students in clinical classes (years four to six) across six Nigerian universities: University of Nigeria, University of Port Harcourt, University of Maiduguri, Bayero University, University of Jos, and Obafemi Awolowo University. Pre-tested questionnaires were distributed electronically to each clinical class to assess demographics, awareness, and knowledge of AMR. Completed forms returned numbered 247. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, logistic regression, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey HSD post hoc tests, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Overall, 53.5% of students demonstrated poor knowledge of AMR. Knowledge improved with academic year (Year 4 vs. Year 6; OR = 2.449, 95% CI: 1.192–5.033; p = 0.015). No significant association was observed between gender and knowledge (p > 0.05). Significant inter-university differences were observed, with higher knowledge levels at University of Nigeria, Nsukka and Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. Misidentification of antibiotics was common, with only 12.1% correctly identifying commonly used antibiotics. Conclusion: AMR knowledge and awareness among Nigerian dental students are suboptimal and influenced by academic year and institution rather than gender. Curriculum harmonization, structured AMR modules, and enhanced clinical exposure are essential to address these gaps. Key words: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR); Dental students; Antibiotic knowledge; Awareness.
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR); Antimicrobial Stewardship; Dental Education; Prescribing Behavior
Copyright (c) 2026 Nathan Ukuoghene Ikimi, Solomon Olusegun Nwhator, Nkolika Uguru, Seidu Adebayo Bello, Kolawole Olalekan Obagbemiro Obagbemiro, Adaeze Nneka Anosike, Ayamma Udo Umanah, Udohchukwu Promise Okereke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge and Willingness to Practice Chairside Buffering of Local Anaesthesia among Nigerian Dental Practitioners: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Local anesthetic (LA) chairside buffering has been documented to reduce injection pain, shorten onset time, and improve patient comfort during dental procedures. Consequently, dental practitioners' knowledge and practice of LA buffering could significantly improve dental practice and enhance patients' attendance at dental clinics. This study assesses the knowledge and willingness among dental practitioners in Nigeria to practice chairside LA buffering. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted over 6 months (November 2024 to April 2025). Participants were recruited after obtaining consent and completing a self-administered questionnaire consisting of two domains: knowledge and willingness to practice. The knowledge domain consisted of 10 questions asking participants to select "Yes," "No," or "I do not know" for each question, and each correct response was scored 1 mark, while a wrong or "I do not know" answer scored 0 mark. Total knowledge scores were categorized as low (≤50%), fair (51–69%), or good (≥70%). Five questions were asked in the willingness to practice domain, and responses were analyzed in the order they were asked. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software version 25. Results: A total of 158 respondents completed the questionnaire, giving a response rate of 98.1%. The sample comprised 106 (67.1%) males and 52 (32.9%) females. Most respondents, 96 (60.8%), were in the age range of 31–40 years, and 155 (98.1%) had been practicing for more than 2 years. Resident doctors constituted the highest respondents (80, 50.6%), and the majority (125, 79.1%; 95% CI: 72.0–85.1%) were aware of LA chairside buffering. The overall mean knowledge score was 38.4%, and the majority of respondents (153, 96.8%; 95% CI: 92.9–98.8%) had never practiced chairside buffering of LA, with only 54 (34.2%; 95% CI: 26.9–42.1%) willing to practice it. No statistically significant difference was found between gender and willingness to practice chairside LA buffering (χ² = 0.632, df = 1, p = 0.426). The main reason for not willing to practice buffering of LA was extra cost of treatment (45, 43.3%). Conclusion: While the benefit of chairside LA buffering in providing less painful, more reliable, and comfortable anesthesia has been established, knowledge, practice, and willingness to practice this technique among dentists were found to be low. Keywords: Local anesthetic buffering, Chairside, Knowledge, Dental practitioners
Copyright (c) 2026 Amidu Omotayo Sulaiman, Rufai Jaafaru, Mujtaba Bala, Ramat Oyebunmi Braimah, Abdurrazaq Olanrewaju Taiwo, Mayana Sanusi Abubakar, Ebenezer Abiodun Ajoloko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Dental Phobia and Traumatic Treatment Experiences on Care-Seeking Behaviour: A University- Based Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Dental phobia and previous traumatic treatment experiences are major psychological barriers that drive avoidance and emergency-only dental attendance. Despite being university students, Nigerians frequently delay care due to fears of pain and negative clinical memories. However, research on how these factors specifically impact students' dental care-seeking habits is currently limited. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the influence of dental phobia and traumatic treatment experiences on dental care-seeking behaviour among students at the University of Ibadan. Methods: A cross-sectional design was utilized, targeting students from non-health-related faculties to minimize professional knowledge bias. A proportionate stratified sampling technique was employed to ensure representation across all faculties. Data were collected using an online self-administered questionnaire comprising sociodemographic characteristics, the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), the Level of Exposure to Distressing Events Questionnaire (LOE-DEQ), and items assessing dental care-seeking behaviour. Analysis included the Chi-square test, Spearman's rank correlation, and binary logistic regression, performed using SPSS version 27, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 397 students were included. The mean age of participants was 22.07 ± 3.13 years. The prevalence of dental phobia and high exposure to traumatic events was 16.9% and 31.8%, respectively. Exposure to traumatic events showed a positive correlation with dental anxiety. Logistic regression revealed that the strongest predictors of dental phobia were a dentist not providing information about an invasive procedure (OR = 3.88), feelings of extreme helplessness during dental treatment (OR = 1.73), and being a victim of a violent crime (OR = 2.40). Individuals with lower levels of exposure were more likely to seek care and attend routine dental check-ups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Dental phobia and traumatic experiences significantly impede routine dental attendance among University of Ibadan students, with clinical communication failures and personal trauma acting as the strongest predictors of avoidance. Adopting trauma-informed care models that prioritize patient communication and psychological support is essential to mitigate helplessness and improve care-seeking behaviour in this population. Keywords: Dental phobia; Dental anxiety; Care-seeking behavior; Traumatic experiences.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mary E. Osuh, Mary O Babatunde, Jackson L. Osuh, Simon A. Akpa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Youth Access to Tobacco in Violation of Sales Restrictions: Evidence from the Nigerian Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS)
Background: Despite Nigeria’s early commitment to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), enforcement of Article 16, which prohibits the sale of tobacco to minors remains poorly documented. Since no Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) has been conducted in Nigeria since 2008, there is a critical evidence gap on how adolescents continue to access tobacco products in violation of legal restrictions. This study provides the first detailed assessment of illegal youth access to tobacco, examining associated demographic, behavioral, and policy awareness factors using nationally representative microdata. Methods: We analyzed the Nigeria GYTS 2008, a cross-sectional school-based survey employing a two-stage cluster sample design across five sentinel areas (Abuja, Cross River, Ibadan, Kano, Lagos). The analytic sample included 2,379 adolescents aged 13–15 years. Complex survey design corrections were applied using Primary Sampling Units (PSU) strata, and final sample weights. The outcome variable—illegal access to tobacco—was defined as purchasing cigarettes without refusal due to age in the past 30 days. Weighted descriptive analyses, chi-square tests, and survey-adjusted logistic regressions (Models 1–3) were performed to identify predictors, including sex, age, rural residence, parental and peer smoking, school type, and awareness of youth-sales laws. Results: Overall, 13.2% (95% CI: 11.6–14.8) of Nigerian adolescents reported successful purchase of cigarettes without being refused for age. Rural youth had higher illegal access (18.5% vs. 11.4%, p<0.001). Adolescents with smoking peers had markedly elevated odds of illegal purchase (aOR=3.48, 95% CI: 2.86–4.25), while those aware of tobacco-age restrictions were less likely to report successful purchase (aOR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.43–0.73). Media exposure to anti-smoking messages showed a modest protective effect (aOR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.64–0.94). Age and male sex were independently associated with higher odds of illegal access. Conclusions: Illegal tobacco access among Nigerian adolescents remains alarmingly prevalent, especially among males, rural youth, and those with smoking peers. Awareness of age restrictions and anti-tobacco media exposure reduces the likelihood of illegal purchase, suggesting that policy enforcement and communication gaps are major barriers to FCTC Article 16 compliance. Strengthening retail surveillance, implementing vendor licensing, and integrating youth-access enforcement into Nigeria’s National Tobacco Control Act (NTCA) 2015 monitoring systems are urgently needed. Keywords: Adolescent tobacco access; Sales restrictions; FCTC Article 16; Policy enforcement; Nigeria; GYTS.
Copyright (c) 2026 Afolabi Oyapero, MA Olajide, Olufemi Olagundoye, OF Kuye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Orthodontic Residents' Mentorship: Perceptions, Experiences, and Programmatic Implications in Nigeria
ABSTRACT Objectives: Mentoring is an essential aspect of dental education, particularly in specialized fields like orthodontics that require complex clinical decision-making. Effective mentorship enables orthodontic residents to receive more comprehensive training, thereby enhancing their professional productivity. This study evaluated mentorship among Nigerian orthodontic residents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a semi-structured 17-item Google form questionnaire. Information regarding sociodemographics, perception of mentoring, and experiences during training was collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive (frequencies and proportions) and inferential (chi-square) statistical methods. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: The study involved 20 females and 17 males, with a mean age of 38.22 ± 6.77 years, most in the 36–45 years age range. Nearly all respondents (35, 94.6%) expressed interest in being mentored, and the majority (27, 73.0%) had previously received mentoring. Most (33, 89.2%) believed that mentoring is important, while 28 (75.7%) reported that mentoring enhanced their confidence and skills. Fewer than half (15, 40.5%) felt the mentoring they received was inadequate, and 16 (43.2%) thought the quality of mentorship during orthodontic posting was good. Seventeen (45.9%) and 14 (37.8%) agreed that mentorship aided their clinical practice and research pursuits, respectively. Perceived impacts on research, clinical practice, and skills showed no statistically significant gender-based differences. Conclusions: Mentorship is desired by Nigerian orthodontic residents and should be encouraged, as it could be an important tool to improve residents' practice confidence and clinical skills. Keywords: Mentoring, confidence, medical education, orthodontic residents, research interest
Copyright (c) 2026 Sylvia Etim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Parental Knowledge and Perception Towards the Use of Conscious Sedation
Background: Behavioural management alleviates dental anxiety and instils a positive dental attitude. Conscious Sedation is a pharmacological behavioural management where medications are administered to achieve a minimally depressed consciousness where patient can independently maintain their air way and verbal contact maintained. Aim: To assess parental knowledge and perception towards the use of conscious sedation in dental management of children. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study on 150 parents of children that presented at the Paediatric Dental Clinic of LUTH. Questionnaires on knowledge and perception of conscious sedation were administered to parents. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Numeric variables were presented using mean and standard deviation. Frequency and percentages were presented for categorical variables. The significance level was set at p≤ 0.05 Results: 150 parents with a mean age of 38.13±8.37years. More than half of the participants (56.7%) had not heard of conscious sedation prior to this study. Out of the 65 participants who had heard of conscious sedation, 38(58%) of them had a good knowledge on conscious sedation while 67.4% had a positive perception of conscious sedation. However, a total of 112 (75%) of the 150 participants had a poor knowledge of conscious sedation. Conclusion: Majority of the study participants had a poor knowledge of conscious sedation. However, most of the parents who had heard of conscious sedation prior to the study had good knowledge and good perception of conscious sedation.
Paediatric conscious sedation, parental perception, parental knowledge
Copyright (c) 2026 OS Ayedun, MN Adekoya, BO Akindele, JT Idowu, KR Okubadejo, FA Oredugba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Infection Control among Dental Surgery Technician Students in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Effective infection control protocols are imperative in dentistry to mitigate the risk of occupational and cross-infections, particularly among dental surgery technician students during their clinical rotations. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of infection control among Dental Surgery Technician students at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among Dental Surgery Technician students using convenience sampling. Data were collected from February to May 2025 using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. A total of 112 questionnaires were distributed, and all were returned, giving a response rate of 100%. Information was obtained on sociodemographic characteristics and on knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding infection control. Knowledge scores were categorized as good, fair, or poor. Associations were assessed using Chi-square tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age was 21.00 ± 1.98 years, with most participants being female (83.9%) and in the preclinical phase of training (67.9%). Overall, 84.0% of respondents had good knowledge of infection control. Age (p = 0.007) and level of study (p = 0.017) were significantly associated with knowledge score. Attitudes toward infection control were generally positive, with clinical students demonstrating more favorable attitudes than preclinical students. Clinical students also reported significantly better practices in hand hygiene, glove use, surface disinfection, and sharps disposal (p < 0.05). Awareness of hepatitis B vaccination was comparatively low. Conclusion: Although infection control knowledge, attitudes, and practices were generally satisfactory, targeted interventions—particularly early training and hepatitis B vaccination—are necessary to improve compliance, especially among preclinical students. Keywords: Infection control; Dental surgery technician students; Knowledge; Attitude; Practice
Community Dentistry, University of Benin, Benin
Copyright (c) 2026 Philip Ogordi, Samuel Obasuyi, Charles Obasi, Daniel Nwankwo, Stephanie Nton, Precious Nwachukwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Attitudes, Practices, and Perceived Barriers to Providing Smoking Cessation Advice to Patients Among Dentists in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study
Objectives: To assess dentists' attitudes, practices, and perceived barriers to delivering smoking cessation advice in public dental clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2018 among 63 dentists working in four public dental clinics selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 27. Continuous variables were summarized as means and standard deviations (mean ± SD), while categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Associations between independent variables (sociodemographic characteristics, attitude, and barriers) and the dependent variable (practice of smoking cessation advice) were examined using the chi-square test. Statistical significance was set at a p-value < 0.05. Results: Most dentists (95.3%) believed that they should advise patients on smoking cessation, and 84.1% agreed that such advice increases patients' chances of quitting. Furthermore, 93.7% regarded motivating patients to stop smoking as part of their professional responsibility. While more than half of the dentists (55.5%) routinely inquired about patients' smoking status, fewer than half (42.9%) reported actively advising patients to quit smoking. The most frequently reported barriers to providing smoking cessation advice were lack of patient motivation (73.0%), time constraints (69.8%), and insufficient knowledge (52.2%). Dentists with higher attitude scores tended to demonstrate more desirable practices; however, this association did not reach statistical significance (χ² test, p = 0.053). Conclusions: Although dentists demonstrated positive attitudes towards providing smoking cessation advice, the level of implementation in clinical practice remained suboptimal. The principal barriers identified were lack of patient motivation, time constraints, and insufficient knowledge. Continued professional education programs focusing on smoking cessation counseling for dentists are recommended. Keywords: Dentists; attitude; barriers; smoking cessation advice; Tanzania
Dentists; attitude; practice; barriers; smoking cessation advice
Copyright (c) 2026 Lilian Mkonyi, Dwarika Bhatt https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship Between Diabetes and Periodontal Disease: An Observational Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Diabetics in Cameroon
Objective: The interrelationship between diabetes and periodontal disease has been reported in Cameroon; therefore, a mutual prevention approach for these two chronic non-communicable diseases appears essential in our country. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Cameroonian diabetics with respect to periodontal health. Materials and Methods: A bicentric cross-sectional observational study was conducted from February 1st to April 30th, 2024, in two selected hospitals in Yaoundé. Simple random sampling was used to recruit diabetics who provided consent. Sociodemographic data, knowledge of the interrelationship between periodontal disease and diabetes, attitudes of diabetics towards dental consultations and treatment, as well as their oral hygiene habits, were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Clinical and paraclinical data were retrieved from medical records. Results: A total of 208 participants were recruited, with a mean age of 60 ± 11 years; 142 (68.3%) were women. Two hundred and one (96.6%) participants had type 2 diabetes; 187 (89.9%) reported being unaware of the relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease. Eighty-seven (41.8%) participants had never consulted a dentist, while only 10 (4.8%) had received a preventive oral consultation. A total of 165 (79.3%) reported using toothpicks. After multivariate analysis, factors associated with inadequate practices were poor knowledge (OR = 2.2; p = 0.044) and approximate attitudes (OR = 2.8; p = 0.013). Conclusion: This study highlights the need to further educate Cameroonian type 2 diabetics on the interrelationship between diabetes and periodontal disease, to modify their attitudes and behaviours regarding dental consultation, and to optimize their oral hygiene practices. Keywords: Diabetes, periodontal disease, knowledge, attitudes, practices, Cameroon
Copyright (c) 2026 Lawrence ESSAMA ENO BELINGA, Mai-Pamela Mekieje Tumchou, Noel Désirée MBANGO EKOUTA, Stéphanie Ida KENGNE, Williams BELL NGAN, CÔME EBANA MVOGO, Rosalie Annie NGONO NGANE, Bienvenu BONGUE, Martine Claude ETOA ETOGA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Epidemiology and Temporal Dynamics of Heck's Disease Among Kano Children, Northern Nigeria
Background: Heck's disease (multifocal epithelial hyperplasia) is a benign oral condition caused by human papillomavirus types 13 and 32, primarily affecting children in resource-limited settings. Epidemiological data on Heck's disease in northern Nigeria are scarce. This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic patterns and temporal trends of Heck's disease among paediatric patients in Kano, northern Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective hospital-based descriptive analysis was conducted using records from Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria, over a span of nine years (2015–2023). Data on age, sex, ethnicity, geographical location, and date of diagnosis were collected from patients with clinically confirmed Heck's disease. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze demographic characteristics, while temporal and spatial patterns were examined to identify disease trends and geographical clustering. Results: Data from 43 paediatric patients aged between 3 and 14 years were retrieved and analyzed. The 6–8 years age group represented the largest proportion (60.5%). Cases predominantly originated from urban local government areas, with Kumbotso and Gwale each accounting for 20.9% of cases. Ethnic distribution showed a marked predominance of Hausa ethnicity. Temporally, the data showed a fluctuating pattern in annual case numbers, with a clear rise observed in the most recent years, reaching the highest level in 2023. On a monthly scale, November exhibited the highest incidence (14.0%). No statistically significant associations were found between sex and geographical distribution (p = 0.999) or age distribution across sexes (p = 0.942). Conclusion: This study describes distinct age-specific vulnerability, urban geographical clustering, and a steady increase in case numbers over time. It calls for seasonally timed, culturally appropriate preventive strategies and enhanced surveillance in Kano. Keywords: Heck's disease, multifocal epithelial hyperplasia, oral papillomavirus, Nigeria, epidemiology, temporal trends
Copyright (c) 2026 Chizoba Okolo, Umar Mahmud, Abdulrahman Malami, Yewande Adeyemo, Atiqa Abulfathi, Adetayo Aborisade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oral Health in Africa: Building Research and Policy Capacity for Sustainable Change
Oral health disparities in Africa are stark, characterized by limited access, fragmented data systems, low political will, and persistent underfunding. With the WHO Global Oral Health Action Plan 2022–2030 calling for integration, prevention, and equity, African researchers and institutions are stepping into leadership roles to drive contextualized, data-informed, and sustainable solutions. This perspective synthesizes insights from African-led initiatives, including collaborative research networks, institution-based innovations, and field trial systems, which are designed to generate locally relevant evidence for clinical interventions and future research. This article draws on experiences across subregions and institutions, informed by the "Oral Health in Africa" symposium at the 2025 International Association for Dental Research (IADR) General Session. The article covers community field trials in Egypt, the initiative of the Intercountry Centre for Oral Health in Nigeria, and continent-wide research networks. It highlights opportunities for transformative change in African oral health and outlines priorities for data generation, policy alignment, institutional coordination, and funding strategies necessary to deliver on the global oral health agenda. Key words: Oral Health Policy, Research Capacity-Building, Health Systems Strengthening, Africa, Universal Health Coverage (UHC), Community-Based Interventions, WHO Global Strategy.
Oral Health Policy, Research Capacity-Building, Health Systems Strengthening, Africa, Universal Health Coverage (UHC), Community-Based Interventions, WHO Global Strategy.
Copyright (c) 2026 ABIMBOLA OLADAYO; Moréniké Oluwátóyìn Foláyan, Maha El Tantawi, Olaniyi Olufemi Taiwo, Azeez Butali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oral Hygiene Status and Renal Function in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Poor oral health and chronic kidney disease have been linked in several studies. Also, there are many reports on the oral hygiene status of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. However, very few have been reported in pre-dialysis patients, especially in developing countries. Therefore, this study investigated oral hygiene status and its implication on renal function of pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients attending a tertiary health care facility in Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between June 2019 and December 2020 at the nephrology unit, Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria among pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stages 1–5 patients who were 18 years and above. The study involved two groups: those with periodontitis and those without periodontitis (control). Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on demographics and oral hygiene practices. Oral hygiene status using the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S) and renal function using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were assessed in both groups. Data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0. Descriptive analysis was carried out for oral hygiene practices. Independent t-test was used to compare means of oral hygiene status and renal function between the two groups. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to explain the relationship between renal function and other predictors, and p-value was set at <0.05. Results: There were 120 pre-dialysis CKD participants in this study. Of these, 82.5% brushed their teeth once daily. The mean OHI-S score was higher in the periodontitis group than the control group (3.48 vs. 1.72, p<0.01). The mean eGFR, however, was higher in the control group than the periodontitis group (62.08 mL/min vs. 40.55 mL/min, p<0.01). Male participants had significantly higher OHI-S scores compared to females (2.89 vs. 2.22) but lower eGFR than females (46.16 mL/min vs. 58.06 mL/min, p<0.01). In multivariable regression, after adjusting for age, gender, hypertension, and oral hygiene, both CKD stage and clinical attachment loss remained significant independent predictors of eGFR (p < 0.05). Conclusion: After adjusting for age, gender, hypertension status, and oral hygiene, both CKD stage and clinical attachment loss emerged as significant independent predictors of eGFR. Keywords: Oral hygiene practices, periodontitis, estimated glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease
Oral Hygiene Practices, Periodontitis, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, Chronic Kidney Disease
Copyright (c) 2026 Olusoji Ayodele Onabanjo, Morolayo Oguwemimo, Tolulope Ogundiran, Opeyemi Matthew Adewole, Babatope Andrew Ogunleye, Solomon Nwhator, Fatiu Arogundade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving Oral Health Service Uptake Among Urban Informal Sector Workers in Nigeria: Trader Perspectives on Affordability, Accessibility, and Delivery Innovations
Background: Urban Informal Sector Workers face unique barriers to preventive healthcare; however, little is known about their oral health behaviors in rapidly growing market economies. This study examined the patterns, determinants, and perceived facilitators of dental service utilization among traders in an urban marketplace. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among traders and businessmen in Lagos State, collecting demographic, occupational, and behavioral data, along with self-reported oral health status, service utilization, and perceived barriers. Associations between occupational demands, symptom frequency, and care-seeking behaviors were analyzed using chi-square test. Open-ended responses were analyzed thematically. Results: Among the participants (n= 123), most were aged 30–39 years (45.5%), with a balanced gender distribution and predominant engagement in gadget and equipment sales (61.8%). Although 66.7% rated dental check-ups as important, 83.7% had not visited a dentist in the past year, with the absence of perceived dental problems (54.4%), work-related time constraints (22.3%), and cost (15.5%) cited as the main reasons. The most reported access challenges were the cost of care (34.5%) and long wait times (26.8%). Symptom frequency was significantly associated with dental visits (p=0.021) and treatment delays (p=0.002). Qualitative data revealed three main intervention priorities: financial accessibility (e.g., subsidized/free services, HMO inclusion), targeted outreach and education (e.g., quarterly market-based programs, workplace health promotion), and service innovations aligned with traders’ schedules (e.g., mobile clinics, extended/24-hour services). Mobile dental clinics (33.2%) and extended clinic hours (56.9%) were the most favored solutions, with 70.7% of the participants willing to participate in on-site outreach near their business premises. Conclusion: Despite awareness of the value of preventive dental care, utilization remains low among traders due to cost, time constraints, and symptom-driven care-seeking behavior. Interventions should integrate occupationally compatible service models, financial subsidies, and targeted outreach to bridge the knowledge–action gap in this population. Policy efforts addressing both perceptual and structural barriers may substantially improve preventive oral health care uptake in urban informal economies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Afolabi Oyapero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gingival Pigmentation and Its Association with Skin Complexion and Periodontal Status Among Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Gingival color varies among different races and can be affected by a number of factors including pigmentation. Gingival pigmentation is of aesthetic concern in some individuals and has been linked to skin complexion. However, there is paucity in the literature regarding the association between gingival pigmentation and periodontal disease. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among participants who attended the Periodontology Clinic, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). A convenient, non-probability sampling technique was used to recruit participants who gave consent. Data collection was done using a semi-structured questionnaire, which had three sections. Section A included information on sociodemographics, Section B included intraoral examination to assess periodontal health status, and Section C included assessment of gingival pigmentation and skin pigmentation. The modified Community Periodontal Index (CPI) was used to assess periodontal health status. Gingival pigmentation was assessed using the Dummett-Gupta Oral Pigmentation Index (DOPI) and the index by Ponnaiyan et al., while the Fitzpatrick scale was used to assess skin complexion. Results: There were 114 participants, with age range 17–84 years, M:F = 1:1.38. The prevalence of gingival pigmentation among the participants was 80.7%, with more females presenting with gingival pigmentation than males. More participants from other ethnic groups had heavy pigmentation compared to those from the three common ethnic groups; this finding was not statistically significant (p = 0.746). Skin pigmentation was significantly associated with gingival pigmentation (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant association between gingival pigmentation and periodontal disease, as more participants with heavy pigmentation had healthy periodontium (CPI 0) compared with participants with pink tissue (p = 0.003). Conclusion: The prevalence of gingival pigmentation in this study was 80.7%. It was higher among participants from the other ethnic groups. Gingival pigmentation was significantly associated with skin complexion and periodontal disease. KEYWORDS: Gingival pigmentation, skin complexion, periodontal status
Copyright (c) 2026 Grace Alade, Ayodele Ogundana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Yoruba Chewing Sticks and Branded Toothpastes on Bacteria Isolated from Carious Teeth
Objectives: Dental decay and associated toothache infection causes pains and discomfort; and are characterized by many symptoms. It may be due to bacterial infection or many other causes. This study determined the antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of three selected Yoruba chewing sticks; Sorindeia warneckei, Garcinia kola, Veronia amygdalina and aqueous extracts of three branded toothpastes; NCT, MCL, and OLV on isolates of bacteria from cases of toothache infection Materials and Methods: A total number of thirty (30), comprising three different species, biochemically characterized isolates from tooth ache infection; Streptococcus oralis (10), Lactobacillus spp(10) and Streptococcus mutans(10) were collected on slant from a dental clinic in Ibadan and confirmed on Sheep blood agar medium fortified with serum, and deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS agar). The isolates were Gram stained, with other biochemical identification tests. The isolates were challenged with methanol extract of selected chewing sticks and aqueous extract of branded toothpastes using standard broth dilution method to determine its MIC’s and MBC’s. The chewing sticks extract were screened for secondary metabolites using standard methods. Results: The percentage crude extract yield from initial weight of 200g of Sorindeia warneckei was found to be 9. 25%, while Garcinia kola and Veronia amygdalina exhibited 6.8% and 5.7% Alkaloids, anthraquinones, tannins, flavonoids and saponins were present in 3 selected chewing sticks . Statistical analysis by Anova test of MIC and MBC methanol extracts for different concentrations of 3 chewing sticks and branded toothpastes evaluated showed significant inhibition of growth for 3.125, 12.56, 25 µg/mL as indicated in S.oralis1, Lactobacilli spp15 and S.mutans 30 for Sorindeia warneckei, 6.25, 3.125,6.25 µg/mL for Garcinia kola and 25, 12.5,25 µg/mL for Veronia amygdalina and when compared to 12.56 and 100 µg/mL MIC aqueous extract of 3 branded tooth pastes. The aqueous extract of toothpastes determined showed lesser antimicrobial activity than the methanol extract of the three chewing sticks from the MIC’s and MBC’s point of view. Conclusion: The methanol extract of selected chewing sticks explored showed competitive antimicrobial activity in comparison with branded toothpaste. The antimicrobial constituents in the methanol extracts of the selected chewing sticks hold the potential for clinical application and can be incorporated into conventional household tooth pastes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Olufemi Lionel Okunye, Bunmi Comfort Kotun, Caroline Olufunke Babalola, John Olabanji Daodu, Joshua Seun Ayedun, Samuel Friday Ibitoye, Brendan Iloka, Adeyemo Olumuyiwa , Eunice Adewole Oluwaseun, Igbokwe Christopher Ogbonna, Ememabasi Precious V-Thompson, Peter Omotayo Ajayi, Morenike Eunice Coker https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Awareness and Use of Teledentistry Among Dental Professionals in A Nigerian University Teaching Hospital; A Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract Objectives: Teledentistry is an emerging practice with a potential to significantly impact both the evolving landscape of dental clinical practice and public health delivery. The practice typically includes a variety of components and activities such as the use of electronic data and audiovisual communication technologies in diagnosis and delivery of oral health care, dental care delivery despite geographical distances, (especially in rural, and remote areas) among others. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of awareness and use of teledentistry, in oral health care delivery among dental professionals of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals’ Complex, (OAUTHC) Ile-Ife. Osun State, Nigeria Materials and Method: A structured self-administered questionnaire designed with four-point Likert scale ideal was administered to all dental health care professionals in the hospital. The questionnaire had relevant sections, designed to elicit unbiased and honest responses from the participants, about their demographics, level of awareness and use of teledentistry, knowledge of teledentistry, and perceptions on the potential uses of teledentistry, ethical consideration and possible barriers to the use of teledentistry. Results: All professionals in the hospital (100%) completed the questionnaire. Participants were 65 males, and 36 females, aged 20 -70 years. They were mostly Resident Doctors (44.6%) aged 30 - 40years. The level of awareness and use of teledentistry among dental professionals in this study was 49.9% and 4.1% respectively. 51.1% of respondents had no prior concept of the idea on the use of teledentistry in oral health care delivery. The Resident doctors appear to be the most informed than all other categories while the Dental therapists appear to be the least informed. Conclusions: The overall level of awareness about the use of teledentistry among all dental health care professionals in the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex was below average. It is important to stimulate and encourage the optimum application of teledentistry in the studied population in order to ensure improvements of oral health care delivery among them and numerous trainees passing through the teaching hospital.
Teledentistry, Awareness, Perception, Dental professionals, Use
Copyright (c) 2025 Grace Ozohu Eriki, OA Ayilara, Prof Fadekemi O Oginni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Oral Pain on Oral Health and Daily Performance in Pregnancy: A Cross-sectional Study
Background: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pregnancy-related oral pain can affect emotional well-being, oral health-related quality of life, and general health. If left untreated, poor oral health may lead to premature delivery, pre-eclampsia, epulis gravidarum, tooth mobility, and other complications. Objectives: This study assessed the prevalence of oral pain, evaluated oral impacts on daily performance (OIDP), and examined associations between oral health, service utilization, and parity status during pregnancy. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used, incorporating data on sociodemographic characteristics, pain symptomatology, oral impact on daily performance (OIDP), and clinical examination. Sociodemographic and pain variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, proportions, summary statistics). Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The median age was 30 years; most respondents (71%, n=149) had post-secondary education and were primigravida. Oral pain during pregnancy was reported by 29% (n=61) of respondents, predominantly mild and most commonly affecting the gingiva (16%, n=33). Pain, site of pain, and OIDP were significantly associated with parity (p=0.04, 0.010, 0.037, respectively), and OIDP was also related to trimester (p=0.04). Dental service utilization was 24% (n=50), with 17% (n=36) satisfied; satisfaction was higher among multigravida compared to primigravida (p=0.01). More women in the third trimester reported OIDP, while none in the first trimester did so (p=0.04). Conclusion: Mild oral pain is a frequent experience during pregnancy, most often gingival in origin, and is associated with parity and trimester. These findings emphasize the need for routine oral health assessment during antenatal care, with timely management to reduce oral impacts on daily functioning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adetayo Aborisade, Olasunkanmi F. KUYE, Taiwo O. KUYE, Adewale F. ADEJOBI, Azuka R. NJOKANMA, Amina MOHAMMED https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and Pattern of Systemic Diseases Among Adult Dental Patients in Ibadan Nigeria: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Oral health is an essential component of systemic health and significantly impacts quality of life and overall well-being. Oral health status reflects systemic health, as many diseases and medications affect the oral cavity; conversely, oral pathologies can also influence systemic health. This clinical audit aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of systemic diseases among adult patients attending a tertiary dental clinic. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using records of adult dental patients who presented at the Oral Diagnosis Clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, between January and June 2024. Demographic and systemic disease data were extracted from hospital records. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Out of 1,885 patients seen during the study period, 274 had one or more systemic conditions, yielding a prevalence of 14.5%. There were more females (193, 70.4%) than males (81, 29.6%); the mean age (±SD) was 51.7 ± 18.1 years. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity, followed by peptic ulcer disease and diabetes mellitus. Single comorbidities were more frequent (216, 78.8%) than multiple comorbidities (58, 21.2%), though a higher proportion of males had multiple conditions. The majority (87.9%) of patients with multiple systemic diseases were above 40 years of age (p = 0.002). Conclusion: This study found a 14.5% prevalence of systemic diseases among adult dental patients, with hypertension being the most common. Multiple comorbidities were significantly more prevalent in patients above 40 years. These findings are limited by the retrospective design and reliance on record quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeth Oluwatoyin Abe, Muhammad Yasin Yahaya, Oluwatosin Kehinde Adeyemi, Adeyemi Taofeek Saliu, Mathew Ekhaleafo Ogbezode, Akinyele Olumuyiwa Adisa, Bukola Folasade Adeyemi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Perceived Stress, Stressors, and Coping Strategies among Undergraduate Dental Students at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
ABSTRACT Background: Dental school is known to be highly stressful, which sometimes affect student mental health, academic performance and professional development with differing opinion about the impact of age, gender, and educational level. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of perceived stress, identify the key stressors contributing to stress in dental student environment, examine the coping factors and relationship between Sociodemographic stress levels among undergraduate dental student Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Osun state. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the 2020/2021 academic year, among 123 dental students using a structured questionnaire. Dental Environment Stress (DES) was used to access the various stress levels, perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used to determine the perceived stress level. Results: 62.6% of the participants were male while 37.4% were females with the mean age of 22.31±3.31 years. Overall mean stress for the population was 23.32±5.95, female students reported significantly higher stress level than male (P = 0.034). Workload (3.79±1.01) and performance pressure (3.63 ± 1.00) were the most reported stressors those living in the hospital hostel or receiving mid-range allowance appeared to undergo more stress, while religious coping was the mostly reported coping strategy Conclusion: It was found that perceived stress in dental environment is still relatively high most especially among female students. There is no clear association between income and perceived stressed level. Major stressors identified were workload and performance pressure. Religion, active coping and planning were the coping strategies mostly utilized in the management of these stressors.
Perceived stressors , Stressors, Coping Strategies, Undergraduate students
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Fadeju A.D , Dr Okpalaeke A N, Prof Ogundipe OK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Radiographic assessment of the health status of first permanent molars in pediatric groups in a Nigerian tertiary health institution: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Background: The first permanent molars (FPMs) are critical for maintaining normal masticatory functions and dentofacial harmony. However, they are highly susceptible to dental caries, especially in pediatric populations. This study aimed to radiographically assess the health status of first permanent molars in children aged 7 to 16 years at a Nigerian tertiary health institution, focusing on caries prevalence, structural anomalies, and periapical health. Study Design: A retrospective cross-sectional of study panoramic radiographs was conducted. Setting: Department of Oral Diagnostic sciences, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria from January 2022 to December 2023, following ethical approval from the hospital's research and ethics Committee (approval number NHREC/29/01/2025/AKTH/EC/4004). Participants: 317 children aged 7-16 years with mean age of approximately 11 years (SD = 3.26), 142 males (45.2%) and 172 females (54.8%) with artefact-free radiographs. Outcome Measures: Primary: Caries prevalence. Secondary: Restoration status, missing, periapical pathology (rarefying osteitis), and structural anomalies (hypomineralization/fusion/taurodontism). Key Results: Caries: Overall caries prevalence across all first permanent molars was 36.9% (117/314); highest in mandibular molars 17.2% in mandibular left first permanent molar and 11.8% mandibular right first permanent molar , suggesting a greater predisposition of mandibular molars to carious lesions. Restorative Interventions: were noted in only 5.4% (17/314) of the first permanent molars , with mandibular right first permanent molar exhibiting the highest frequency of restorations. Missing Teeth: was infrequent, with the highest incidence 2.5% (8/314) observed in mandibular right first permanent molar. Periapical Health: 95.2% (302/314) of cases were free of pathology, while 4.5% (14/314) predominantly ages 15-16, presented with rarefying osteitis, predominantly among individuals aged 15–16 years. Structural Anomalies: Low frequencies, including hypomineralization 1%, (3/314), fusion 0.6%, (2/314), and taurodontism 1%, (3/314). Conclusion: The findings suggest that while most first permanent molars remain structurally sound, caries prevalence is higher in mandibular molars, with limited restorative intervention observed. The low rates of periapical pathologies and structural anomalies indicate relatively good oral health, though older children showed increased susceptibility to dental decay and rarefying osteitis. These results highlight the need for preventive strategies, early intervention, and improved access to dental care to enhance pediatric oral health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sabir Iya , Mohammad Kaura Abubakar, George O. Ewansiha , Bernard Emeka Ogbozor , Paul Mayellawos Karuwa, Jamiu Adetunji Abanikanda, Babatunde Olamide Bamgbose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Awake Nasotracheal Intubation via Fibreoptic Bronchoscope for Surgical Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis: A Case Report
Temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) causes immobility due to fusion of the joint. It most often results from trauma or infection, but it may be congenital or a result of rheumatoid arthritis. The condition is very common in children and rarely seen in adults. Administration of effective and safe anesthesia to patients with TMJA often poses a serious challenge during surgical correction. Hence, we report a case of a 68-year-old Nigerian woman with no comorbidities who presented to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery clinic of our facility with a 5-year history of progressive limitation of mouth opening associated with a painful left cheek swelling. Examination revealed severely limited mouth opening with an interincisal distance of 6 mm. Computerized tomogram of the jaws and the TMJ showed fusion of the condylar head and the temporal articular fossa on the left TMJ. She underwent gap arthroplasty after successful awake nasotracheal intubation via fibreoptic bronchoscope and recovered uneventfully with no recurrence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Akinwale Olaleye Akinbade, Tesleem Olayinka Orewole, Obitade Sunday Obimakinde, Shuaib Kayode Aremu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Weekday on Demand Patterns for Restorative Dental Treatment: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Restorative dental treatments are essential for maintaining oral health. However, the demand for these services can vary throughout the week, impacting clinic operations and patient care. This descriptive analytical study aimed to investigate the influence of weekdays on the pattern of demand for restorative dental treatment and to identify peak and low-demand days. Methods: The study involved a secondary analysis of 4,200 patient records from the Conservative Clinic of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (January 2022 - April 2023). Data on the day of the week, patient sex, visit status (new or recall), and monthly distribution were collected. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), and analysis of variance (ANOVA), with p-values used to assess significant differences. Study Design: This retrospective cross-sectional study examined secondary data from clinic records. A total of 4,350 records were retrieved, but 4,200 were analyzed after excluding incomplete entries. Results: The highest attendance was recorded on Tuesday, followed closely by Wednesday, while Friday had the lowest. Statistically significant variations in attendance were found across weekdays. Monday's attendance was significantly higher than Friday's (Mean Difference: -3.21, 95% CI: -4.66 to -1.76, p<0.001). Female patients (58.1%) consistently demonstrated higher attendance than males. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights to help healthcare providers optimize scheduling and resource allocation, thereby improving overall service efficiency and patient care. Understanding these daily attendance patterns can inform decisions to reduce wait times and enhance patient satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rosemary Itohan Abu, Joan E Enabulele, Agbonvihele G Oko-oboh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Conservative Management of Pediatric Unicystic Ameloblastoma in a Secondary Healthcare Facility in an Ameloblastoma's High Burden Sub-Saharan Africa: A Report of Two Cases
Background: Surgical resection is the primary treatment for ameloblastoma but often causes facial disfigurement and complications. Conservative management of unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) may prevent these issues. Clinicians should note that combining marsupialization, enucleation, and Carnoys solution adjuvant therapy restores jawbone health, prevents complications, and improves patients quality of life. Presentation: Two pediatric casesa 13-year-old boy with a 3-month right mandibular ramus swelling and an 11-year-old boy with a 5-month anterior mandibular swellingpresented at General Hospital Ifako-Ijaiye. Clinical and investigative findings confirmed unicystic mural ameloblastoma. Intervention: Both underwent marsupialization followed by enucleation with Carnoys solution. Preoperative orthopantomograms showed unilocular radiolucent lesions; postoperative imaging revealed restored bony trabeculae. Outcome: Successful treatment with no recurrence after one year (ongoing monitoring). There was no clinical or radiographic evidence of recurrence at 1-year follow-up. Planned surveillance per IAOMS guidelines (≥5 years for mural UA)" Conclusion: Conservative UA management with regular follow-up prevents facial disfigurement and complications associated with resection, improving quality of life. These are Nigeria’s first documented pediatric UA cases. Keywords: unicystic ameloblastoma, marsupialization, enucleation, Carnoys solution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Babalola Oluwole Castano, Remi T Oluwakuyide, Akanbi Clement Oluwarotimi, Augustine Ikponmwosa Edomwonyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0